Modern Advances in Optical Communications: A Review

Abstract

Since optical fibers are dielectric and can transport a substantial amount of information, they are frequently utilized in the systems that are responsible for the transmission of data. When it comes to applications that are central, metropolitan, or large-scale, network topologies that utilize several wavelengths per optical fiber are utilized to link thousands of users with a variety of transmission speeds and capacities. This is done to facilitate the implementation of these applications. An important characteristic of optical communication networks is the ability to transmit many wavelengths simultaneously through fibers that have a wavelength range that extends from 1300 to 1600 nanometers. Wavelength Division Multiplexing, sometimes known as WDM, is a technique that allows for the mixing of several wavelengths on analogous cables. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) principle, when paired with optical amplifiers, results in the production of communication lines that allow for seamless communication between users located in different countries.

The system's dynamism and endurance have been increased, and its possibilities have been expanded, as a result of recent breakthroughs in optical communication. Several cutting-edge technologies have been created to improve the bandwidth of specific wavelength channels as well as the number of wavelengths that are given every year.

The purpose is to provide an overview of recent studies in the field of optical communications. More specifically, we cover topics such as modulation, switching, additive multiplexing, coding schemes, detection schemes, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, system analysis, cross-layer design, control and management, free space optics, and optics in data centre networks. The primary objectives of this paper are to encourage further research on optical communications, to bring knowledge and awareness of achievements in the field up to date, and to disseminate cutting-edge technology in operational networks.