Experimental Validation of Ohm’s Law under Varying Temperature Conditions
Keywords:
Experimental analysis, Ohm’s law, Temperature coefficient of resistance, Uncertainty quantification, V–I characteristicsAbstract
This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation into the validity and limitations of Ohm’s law under varying temperature conditions. While Ohm’s law assumes a constant resistance and linear voltage-current (V-I) relationship, practical conductive materials exhibit temperature-dependent resistance, leading to measurable deviations from ideal behavior. In this work, a controlled experimental framework was developed to analyze the impact of temperature on electrical resistance using a fixed metallic resistor over a temperature range of 25 to 75°C. Systematic V-I measurements were conducted at multiple temperature levels, with repeated trials to ensure reliability and minimize experimental uncertainty. The results demonstrate that the linear relationship between voltage and current is preserved under isothermal conditions; however, the slope of the V-I characteristics decreases with increasing temperature, indicating a rise in resistance. This behavior is further validated using the temperature-resistance model, confirming a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. To quantify non-ideal effects, percentage deviation from the reference resistance was calculated, revealing an increase from approximately 0% at 25°C to over 11.22% at 75°C. Additionally, slope analysis of the V-I curves highlights the inverse relationship between conductance and temperature, providing deeper insight into the underlying physical mechanisms. The experimental findings closely align with theoretical predictions, with deviations remaining within acceptable error margins. Unlike conventional demonstrations that neglect thermal effects, this study introduces a reproducible, low-cost methodology incorporating multi-temperature measurements, uncertainty analysis, and quantitative deviation assessment. The proposed approach not only enhances the practical understanding of Ohm’s Law but also provides a valuable framework for analyzing non-ideal electrical behavior in real-world applications, including power systems, electronic devices, and sensor technologies.
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