Skin Cancer: An Overview of its Historical, Background, Classification, Clinical Manifestation, Prevention Measures

Abstract

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide, arising from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells due to DNA damage, primarily induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It includes three major types: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, with melanoma being the most aggressive form. The pathogenesis involves genetic mutations, environmental triggers, impaired immune surveillance, and chronic UV exposure. Early detection is crucial, as most skin cancers are highly treatable in initial stages through surgical excision, topical therapies, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted agents. Preventive measures such as sun protection, avoiding tanning beds, and regular skin examinations significantly reduce the incidence. Advances in molecular biology and immunotherapy have improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. Skin cancer remains a significant public health challenge, emphasizing the need for awareness, preventive strategies, and early diagnosis. Clinical manifestations vary widely, ranging from pigmented lesions and non-healing ulcers to rapidly evolving nodules. Advances in diagnostic tools—such as dermatoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, imaging techniques, and histopathological evaluation have significantly improved early detection. Therapeutic strategies depend on cancer type, stage, and patient characteristics and include surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and increasingly, targeted therapies and immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.