Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (e-ISSN: 2583-5718)

Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Disease, Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection) in the Era of Precision Medicine: Biomarkers, AI-Driven Risk Stratification, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets- A Comprehensive Review

2026-01-30T11:24:07+00:00

Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is a re-emerging vector-borne pathogen associated with substantial morbidity and mortality across the Asia–Pacific region and is increasingly reported in Africa and South America. Diagnosis remains challenging due to nonspecific febrile presentation, inconsistent appearance of eschar, and marked antigenic heterogeneity, often resulting in delayed or inappropriate treatment. Although doxycycline and azithromycin are effective, current therapeutic strategies do not account for inter-individual variability in immune responses, pathogen burden, pharmacokinetics, or the risk of severe complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocarditis, and multiorgan failure. Advances in precision medicine offer transformative opportunities to improve scrub typhus management. Host biomarkers, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and endothelial activation markers, enable stratification of disease severity, early prediction of complications, and personalization of therapy. Genomic characterization of O. tsutsugamushi strains facilitates identification of strain-specific antigenic signatures and virulence factors, supporting the development of tailored diagnostics and next-generation vaccines. Machine learning and artificial intelligence models integrating clinical, laboratory, and imaging data are emerging as powerful tools for early risk stratification, enabling timely therapeutic decisions even in resource-limited settings. Concurrently, novel therapeutic strategies targeting host immune modulation, angiogenesis pathways, and pathogen persistence are being explored to complement antibiotics and address resistance and relapse. This review synthesizes current advances in biomarkers, AI-driven predictive analytics, and emerging therapies to propose a precision medicine framework for earlier diagnosis, individualized treatment, and improved outcomes in scrub typhus.

Neurocosmetics: An Extensive Overview

2026-02-20T08:59:25+00:00

Neurocosmetics are endogenous chemical messengers that enable communication between neurons and other cells within the nervous system. They play a pivotal role in modulating a wide array of physiological and psychological functions, including mood regulation, cognition, motor control, and autonomic processes. These molecules are synthesized within neurons from specific precursor substances and are stored in membrane-bound vesicles until an electrical impulse, known as an action potential, triggers their release. Once released, they diffuse rapidly across the synaptic cleft and interact with highly specialized receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. Depending on the type of receptor activated, they can produce rapid, short-term effects through ion channels or longer-lasting modulatory effects through second-messenger systems. After exerting their action, neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic space by reuptake mechanisms, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion, ensuring precise regulation of neural signaling. Neurotransmitters are typically classified into several categories, such as amino acids (glutamate, GABA), monoamines (dopamine, serotonin), peptides (endorphins), and others (acetylcholine). Imbalances in neurotransmitter levels are associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and anxiety. Understanding their mechanisms and interactions has led to significant advances in neuropharmacology and the development of targeted therapeutic agents. Ongoing research continues to uncover their complex roles beyond traditional synaptic. transmission, including functions in the gut-brain axis and neuroimmune modulation.

Skin Cancer: An Overview of its Historical, Background, Classification, Clinical Manifestation, Prevention Measures

2026-02-25T09:37:59+00:00

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide, arising from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells due to DNA damage, primarily induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It includes three major types: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, with melanoma being the most aggressive form. The pathogenesis involves genetic mutations, environmental triggers, impaired immune surveillance, and chronic UV exposure. Early detection is crucial, as most skin cancers are highly treatable in initial stages through surgical excision, topical therapies, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted agents. Preventive measures such as sun protection, avoiding tanning beds, and regular skin examinations significantly reduce the incidence. Advances in molecular biology and immunotherapy have improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. Skin cancer remains a significant public health challenge, emphasizing the need for awareness, preventive strategies, and early diagnosis. Clinical manifestations vary widely, ranging from pigmented lesions and non-healing ulcers to rapidly evolving nodules. Advances in diagnostic tools—such as dermatoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, imaging techniques, and histopathological evaluation have significantly improved early detection. Therapeutic strategies depend on cancer type, stage, and patient characteristics and include surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and increasingly, targeted therapies and immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Formulation & Evaluation of Herbal Hair Serum

2026-02-26T10:05:00+00:00

Herbal hair-care products have become increasingly popular due to their safety, effectiveness, and fewer side effects compared to synthetic alternatives. This study centers on creating and assessing a 10 mL herbal hair serum made from natural components such as Aloe vera gel, Hibiscus leaf and flower extract, Curry leaf extract, Fenugreek seed extract, Flaxseed gel, Rose water, and Vitamin E oil. These ingredients were chosen for their well-established benefits in promoting scalp health, stimulating hair growth, enhancing shine, and protecting hair from environmental damage. Aloe vera and flaxseed gel serve as natural bases that provide moisture and improve the serum’s texture. Hibiscus and fenugreek extracts help strengthen hair, minimize breakage, and increase hair density due to their rich amino acids, flavonoids, and mucilage content. Curry leaf extract aids in preserving natural hair color and stimulates follicle activity, while rose water offers a calming effect and helps maintain scalp pH balance. Vitamin E acts as a potent antioxidant, shielding hair from oxidative stress and enhancing overall hair quality. The serum was tested for characteristics including appearance, color, scent, pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and uniformity. Findings showed that the herbal hair serum was stable, non-sticky, smooth, and appropriate for topical use. The combination of herbal ingredients worked synergistically to improve softness, reduce frizz, increase manageability, and enhance overall hair condition. In conclusion, the developed herbal hair serum is a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical-based hair serums. Regular application supports healthy hair growth, strengthens follicles, and improves hair texture, making it a promising natural option for contemporary hair-care needs.

Eco-friendly Inhalers and New Propellants in the Pharmaceutical Industry

2026-04-01T09:24:07+00:00

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a major transition toward environmentally sustainable drug-delivery systems, particularly in the field of inhalation therapy. Conventional pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) widely use hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants such as HFA-134a and HFA-227ea, which, although ozone-safe, possess high global warming potential (GWP). Growing environmental concerns, regulatory pressures, and global climate commitments are accelerating the development of eco-friendly inhalers utilizing low-GWP propellants and alternative delivery technologies. Recent innovations include the introduction of hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-based propellants, such as HFO-1234ze(E), which significantly reduce carbon footprint while maintaining therapeutic efficiency. In parallel, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and soft mist inhalers (SMIs) are gaining prominence due to their propellant-free or low-emission design. Advances in formulation science, device engineering, and life-cycle assessment have further improved dose uniformity, patient compliance, and environmental sustainability. This paper reviews the environmental impact of traditional inhaler systems, explores emerging green propellant technologies, and discusses regulatory, technical, and economic challenges associated with their adoption. The transition toward eco-friendly inhalers represents a critical step in aligning respiratory drug delivery with global sustainability goals while ensuring patient safety and therapeutic efficacy.