Unraveling the Link Between Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract

Oxidative-Stress (OS) is a state where the body’s antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed by Reactive O₂ species, leading to cellular damage and potential harm to tissues. Numerous health problems, such as difficulties from diabetes mellitus, cancerous conditions, cardiac problems, and neurological/brain-related disorders, are associated with this phenomenon. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and dietary habits highly influence the excessive generation or formation of ROS. Symptoms usually emerge gradually as cells and tissues incur damage over time. Oxidative stress affects disease progression through mechanisms such as DNA injury, inflammation, mitochondrial impairment, and endothelial harm. Antioxidant substances, vitamin C and E, minerals, as well as phytochemicals, perform an important role in neutralising ROS through prevention, disruption, and inactivation processes. Despite certain methodological hurdles, biomarkers like malondialdehyde, isoprostanes, and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine can be employed to evaluate oxidative stress. Dietary antioxidants, enzyme mimetics, and lifestyle changes are all effective approaches to mitigate oxidative stress. Understanding oxidative stress and strategies to manage it is crucial for creating treatments for chronic and degenerative diseases.