Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Hylocereus undatus: A Review on Phytochemistry, Biochemical Composition, and Medicinal Applications

Abstract

Hylocereus undatus, commonly known as white-fleshed dragon fruit or pitaya, is a tropical cactus species widely recognized for its nutritional richness and medicinal properties. Traditional medicine systems, particularly in India, have long utilized plant-based remedies like H. undatus for managing a range of health conditions. Recent scientific advances have identified a variety of bioactive compounds in the fruit, such as flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and betalains, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects. This review consolidates and evaluates the current knowledge on the taxonomy, morphology, phytochemistry, and biochemical composition of H. undatus. The fruit's pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, wound healing, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic properties are discussed in detail based on experimental and clinical studies. Special emphasis is placed on the biochemical and therapeutic relevance of its pulp and peel components. With its growing global demand and emerging health applications, H. undatus stands out as a promising candidate for the development of novel functional foods, nutraceuticals, and plant-based pharmaceuticals.