Premenstrual Syndrome: An Overview of the Potential Role of Alternative Therapies

Abstract

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent condition experienced during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and is characterized by a combination of physical, psychological, emotional, and behavioural symptoms. Common manifestations include irritability, mood swings, fatigue, headache, abdominal discomfort, bloating, breast tenderness, food cravings, and impaired concentration. These symptoms may interfere with academic performance, interpersonal relationships, daily activities, and overall quality of life. The present review provides an overview of the potential role of alternative and complementary therapies in the management of PMS, with particular attention to exercise, yoga, ginger, acupuncture, herbal preparations, dietary and nutritional approaches, and lifestyle management. Relevant findings from clinical trials, quasi-experimental studies, and systematic reviews described in the available literature were examined narratively. The reviewed evidence suggests that regular aerobic exercise and yoga may improve selected physical and emotional symptoms. Ginger has demonstrated potential in reducing mood, physical, and behavioural complaints, while acupuncture and selected herbal preparations have shown beneficial effects in some studies. Lifestyle interventions may also improve knowledge, self-care practices, and symptom-management behaviours. However, differences in study design, intervention dosage, outcome measures, and follow-up duration limit direct comparison. Alternative therapies may therefore be considered supportive components of individualized PMS care, alongside appropriate clinical assessment and conventional treatment when indicated. Further rigorous research is required to establish long-term effectiveness, safety, and practical recommendations.