Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Contraceptive Use Among Women of Reproductive Age in Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Contraceptive use is a critical component of reproductive health, yet its adoption remains suboptimal in many regions, including Nigeria. Understanding women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding contraception is essential for developing effective interventions to enhance uptake and reduce unintended pregnancies. This study examines the awareness, perceptions, and use of contraceptive methods among women receiving antenatal care in Southeast Nigeria.

Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at selected tertiary hospitals, general hospitals, and primary healthcare centres in three selected Southeast Nigeria states. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, knowledge, attitudes, and contraceptive practices. A multi-stage sampling approach was used, resulting in a sample of 405 participants. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, incorporating descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to explore associations between socio-demographic characteristics and contraceptive use. Informed consent was secured from all participants.

Results: Findings revealed that 92.6% of participants had heard of contraceptives, with health workers (45.9%) and social media (35.6%) being the primary sources of information. While 77.0% of respondents believed contraceptive use was beneficial, only 65.9% had ever used a contraceptive method. Male condoms (56.9%) and oral pills (38.2%) were the most commonly used methods. Accessibility was reported as very high by 35.1% of respondents, yet barriers such as high cost (34.1%), cultural/religious restrictions (21.5%), and partner disapproval (19.5%) hindered uptake. Chi-square and correlation analyses showed significant associations between contraceptive knowledge and education level (p < 0.001), contraceptive practice and income (p = 0.002), and access barriers and marital status (p = 0.005).

Conclusion: Despite high levels of contraceptive awareness, utilization remains suboptimal due to socio-cultural and economic barriers. There is a need for targeted interventions, including education campaigns, male partner involvement, and improved healthcare accessibility, to enhance contraceptive uptake among reproductive-aged women in Nigeria.