A Unified TSN–CPS (Time-Sensitive Networking–Cyber-Physical Systems) Framework for Mobile Communication

Abstract

The convergence of operational technology (OT) and mobile telecommunications requires hard deterministic guarantees for untethered physical assets operating within closed-loop feedback systems. Traditional wired Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards (IEEE 802.1) deliver bounded latency and sub-microsecond synchronization but lack support for physical mobility. Conversely, standard wireless networks introduce stochastic jitter and scheduling delays incompatible with hard real-time Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). This paper presents a Unified TSN–CPS Framework for Mobile Communication that seamlessly integrates IEEE 802.1 TSN wireline standards with 5G-Advanced and emerging 6G wireless architectures. By deploying Device-Side and Network-Side TSN Translators (DS-TT/NW-TT) alongside 5G Time Synchronization Systems (5TSS), the framework abstracts the wireless air interface into a transparent IEEE 802.1Q virtual bridge. The study formulates a cross-layer joint scheduling optimization model that maps wired Gate Control Lists (IEEE 802.1Qbv) to Configured Grant uplink radio resources. Experimental and co-simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework restricts worst-case latency to under , holds end-to-end jitter within , and maintains clock synchronization accuracy to within . Furthermore, integrating IEEE 802.1CB Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER) over dual wireless paths eliminates control loop disruptions during cell handovers, achieving  packet delivery reliability. The framework establishes a scalable blueprint for untethered mission-critical applications, including autonomous mobile robots, cooperative vehicle platooning, and industrial tele-robotics.