Effects of Fly Ash, Eggshell, and Plastic on Refractory Bricks

Abstract

The construction industry consumes large quantities of natural resources and contributes significantly to environmental pollution through clay extraction and waste generation. In recent years, the utilization of industrial and agricultural waste materials in building materials has gained significant attention as a sustainable alternative. This review paper examines the effects of incorporating fly ash, eggshell powder, and plastic waste in brick manufacturing and evaluates their influence on mechanical and durability properties. Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants and possesses pozzolanic properties that enhance the compressive strength and durability of bricks. Eggshell powder, which is mainly composed of calcium carbonate, acts as a filler material and improves the microstructure of bricks during the firing process. Plastic waste materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene can be incorporated into brick mixtures to improve durability and reduce water absorption. Previous studies indicate that fly ash bricks demonstrate compressive strengths between 10 and 20 MPa, which is higher than conventional clay bricks. Plastic-modified bricks exhibit improved resistance to moisture and environmental degradation due to the hydrophobic nature of polymers. Eggshell powder also contributes to improved bonding and thermal performance. The utilization of these waste materials not only improves the engineering properties of bricks but also promotes sustainable waste management by reducing landfill disposal and conserving natural resources. Therefore, waste-based bricks present an environmentally friendly and economically viable solution for sustainable construction.