Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Solar–Grid Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Station with IoT-based Intelligent Energy Management
Keywords:
ESP32, Hybrid solar–grid system, IoT, Magnetic resonant coupling, Wireless EV chargingAbstract
The rapid growth of electric vehicles has significantly increased the demand for safe, efficient, and sustainable charging infrastructure. Conventional plug-in charging systems suffer from mechanical wear, safety risks in outdoor environments, and heavy dependence on grid electricity. This paper presents the design and implementation of a hybrid solar–grid wireless electric vehicle charging station integrated with IoT-based intelligent power management. The proposed system utilizes magnetic resonant coupling for contactless power transfer, ensuring enhanced user safety and reduced maintenance. Solar energy is employed as the primary power source to promote sustainability, while grid supply serves as a backup to ensure uninterrupted charging during low solar conditions. An ESP32 microcontroller performs real-time monitoring of voltage and current parameters, executes automatic source selection through relay-based switching, and transmits operational data to a cloud platform via Wi-Fi for remote supervision. Experimental validation of the prototype demonstrates stable wireless power transfer, seamless solar–grid transition, and reliable real-time monitoring. The developed system offers a smart, scalable, and environmentally friendly solution for next-generation EV charging infrastructure.
References
K. Mahmud, M. J. Hossain, and G. E. Town, “Peak-load reduction by coordinated response of photovoltaics, battery storage, and electric vehicles,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 29353–29365, 2018.
D. Gielen, F. Boshell, D. Saygin, M. D. Bazilian, N. Wagner, and R. Gorini, “The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 24, pp. 38–50, Apr. 2019.
P. K. Nayak, S. Mahesh, H. J. Snaith, and D. Cahen, “Photovoltaic solar cell technologies: Analysing the state of the art,” Nature Reviews Materials, vol. 4, pp. 269–285, Apr. 2019.
A. Ghosh and B. Norton, “Advances in switchable and highly insulating autonomous (self-powered) glazing systems for adaptive low energy buildings,” Renewable Energy, vol. 126, pp. 1003–1031, Oct. 2018.
S. D. Barman, A. W. Reza, N. Kumar, M. E. Karim, and A. B. Munir, “Wireless powering by magnetic resonant coupling: Recent trends in wireless power transfer system and its applications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 51, pp. 1525–1552, Nov. 2015.
S. Madakam, R. Ramaswamy, and S. Tripathi, “Internet of Things (IoT): A literature review,” Journal of Computer and Communications, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 164–173, 2015.
M. A. Hannan, M. M. Hoque, A. Mohamed, and A. Ayob, “Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications: Issues and challenges,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 771–789, Mar. 2017.
P. S. Subudhi, S. Padmanaban, F. Blaabjerg, and D. P. Kothari, “Design and implementation of a PV-fed grid-integrated wireless electric vehicle battery charger present in a residential environment,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 78–86, Jan. 2023.
A. Sagar et al., “A comprehensive review of the recent development of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle charging systems,” in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 83703–83751, 2023.
X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim, and Z. Han, “Wireless charging technologies: Fundamentals, standards, and network applications,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1413–1452, 2016.
S. M. Arif, T. T. Lie, B. C. Seet, S. Ayyadi, and K. Jensen, “Review of electric vehicle technologies, charging methods, standards and optimization techniques,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 16, 2021.
M. Kumaran C and G. Anbazhagan, “Energy management of interconnected electric vehicle charging stations with hybrid renewable energy source—A comprehensive review,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 27, pp. 6009–6030, 2025.
J. Soares, T. Sousa, H. Morais, Z. Vale, and P. Faria, “Day-ahead resource scheduling including demand response for electric vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 596–605, Mar. 2013.
S. Li and C. C. Mi, “Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle applications,” in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4–17, Mar. 2015.
M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, “Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2151–2169, May 2013.
