Journal of Electrical and Power System Engineering

Evaluating Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Policy‑Oriented Framework

B. F. Akpiri, J. Anyacho — Thu, 19 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) are critical for addressing Nigeria’s persistent electricity challenges, particularly in rural and weak‑grid communities. This paper presents a systematic review of recent studies published between 2020 and 2025, evaluating modelling approaches, techno‑economic outcomes, environmental impacts, and policy constraints. The review employed a structured search across major databases and classified studies by system configuration, optimisation methods, and performance metrics. Tools such as HOMER Pro, MATLAB, and PVGIS were widely used, alongside advanced algorithms including Particle Swarm Optimisation, Genetic Algorithms, and Fuzzy Logic dispatch strategies. Findings reveal that PV–battery–diesel hybrids dominate rural electrification due to their reliability, although they remain costly and emission-intensive. In contrast, PV-wind-battery systems demonstrate superior performance, achieving lower Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) values (USD 0.06 - 0.12/kWh) and higher reliability when supported by robust resource data. Institutional deployments, such as universities and healthcare centres, show strong feasibility with renewable fractions exceeding 90% and emission reductions above 90%, but face barriers related to financing, tariff structures, and regulatory clarity. Beyond descriptive synthesis, this study identifies methodological gaps, including coarse resource datasets, simplified battery lifecycle modelling, and limited integration of socio‑economic factors. To address these challenges, a policy‑oriented four‑dimensional framework is proposed, encompassing technical, economic, environmental, and institutional dimensions. This framework provides researchers, policymakers, and practitioners with actionable insights for advancing scalable, sustainable HRES solutions aligned with Nigeria’s energy transition and climate goals.

A Review of Electrical Safety Practices and Standards in High -Voltage

Ashish Patil, Pranita A. Mahadik — Sat, 31 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

High-Voltage (HV) installations are essential components of modern power generation, transmission, and industrial systems, enabling efficient energy transfer over long distances. However, these installations pose serious safety risks, including electric shock, arc flash, fire, explosion, and equipment failure. Electrical accidents in HV environments often result in severe injuries, fatalities, large-scale outages, and significant economic losses. Therefore, ensuring electrical safety in HV systems is a critical engineering and operational requirement. This paper presents a comprehensive review of hazards associated with high-voltage installations and examines established and emerging safety practices aimed at risk mitigation. Key safety measures discussed include insulation coordination, grounding and earthing systems, arc-flash protection, Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) procedures, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and preventive maintenance techniques. The role of international safety standards such as IEC, IEEE, NFPA, and OSHA in guiding safe design, operation, and maintenance practices is highlighted. Additionally, the paper explores recent technological advancements, including digital protection relays, condition monitoring, IoT-based sensing, and artificial intelligence-driven predictive maintenance, which are transforming safety management in HV installations. Practical applications across power plants, substations, transmission networks, and industrial facilities are discussed. The study concludes that integrating conventional safety engineering principles with modern automation and monitoring technologies significantly enhances worker safety, system reliability, and operational efficiency, thereby supporting sustainable and resilient power infrastructure.

3-Φ Grid Connected PV Inverter with Active and Reactive Power Control

Tue, 24 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and other forms of renewable energy are quickly becoming an integral part of the power grid as an approach to mitigate climate change and satisfy rising energy demands. This research represents how to build and execute a grid-connected PV inverter with single-stage and three-phase active and reactive power control. A dq0 controller-based control approach is suggested. The innovative dq controller method simplifies the regulation of grid-supplied active and reactive power by converting three-phase voltages and currents into a rotating reference current (Iref), therefore reducing transient harmonic distortion (THD) in the inverter's output power. To facilitate the transfer of actual PV electricity to the grid, a MATLAB Simulink simulation has been executed. The proposed control system demonstrated effective performance, achieving a THD of 2.48% in the output voltage. Waveforms from the simulation, including three-phase output voltages, currents, and system phase angles, are presented to verify the effectiveness of the control system. The system becomes more efficient by lowering hardware complexity and conversion losses with a single-stage topology. Hence, the proposed method can be much more effective if this system is implemented using an advanced controller strategy for several multi-level grid-connected inverters to reduce THD and improve the inverter outputs for further work.

A Review on Battery Management System (BMS) State of Charge (SOC) Estimation for Li-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles using Intelligent Techniques

Girijesh Soni, Shalini Goad — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The adoption of electric vehicles is accelerating rapidly, leading to stricter requirements for Battery Management Systems to ensure the safe and efficient monitoring of lithium-ion batteries, with accurate State of Charge estimation being a key function. Traditional methods such as Coulomb counting, open-circuit voltage approaches, and equivalent-circuit or observer-based models are favored for their simplicity and low computational burden; however, their performance degrades under practical EV operating conditions characterized by dynamic current profiles, temperature fluctuations, sensor inaccuracies, and battery ageing. This review synthesises recent progress in intelligent SOC estimators, covering Kalman filter families, machine‑learning and neural‑network models, recurrent and deep architectures, fuzzy and neuro‑fuzzy schemes, and hybrid combinations that fuse physical models with data‑driven components. Reported studies from 2023–2025 are organised into comparative tables that highlight typical SOC error ranges, RMSE, response time, robustness to temperature and noise, and on‑board feasibility for automotive BMS hardware. The article also examines practical deployment barriers, including measurement uncertainty, limited cross‑chemistry generalisation of trained models, and processing and memory limits of embedded controllers. On this basis, it outlines key open problems and future directions, stressing the importance of common benchmark datasets, temperature‑ and ageing‑aware estimators, model‑compression and TinyML strategies, and self‑adapting hybrid algorithms capable of sustaining high‑accuracy SOC estimation over the full battery life in next‑generation EV platforms.

Fast Voltage Stability Indices Model for Voltage Collapse Prediction in Distribution Networks: A Nigerian 33/11 kV Feeder Study

Hachimenum Nyebuchi Amadi, Prince Ugochukwu Nwafor, Kingsley Okpara Uwho — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Voltage instability is a primary driver of blackouts in the Nigerian grid, characterised by persistent abnormal voltage levels. This study identifies a bus nearing collapse defined by IEEE as the inability to maintain stability following a disturbance and evaluates three stability indices: the Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI), and Line Voltage Stability Factor (LVSF). Using a two-bus network quadratic model, the south feeder of Borikiri Town was simulated in ETAP 19.0.1. Initial results showed violations exceeding the IEEE ±10% threshold, with receiving-end voltages dropping to 8.4 kV (on a 33/11 kV system). To remediate the system, an 18 kVAr capacitor bank was introduced. Post-compensation, the receiving-end voltage improved to 10.85 kV, reflecting a 2.45 kV net improvement and a minimal 1.36% voltage drop, successfully bringing the system within IEEE limits. The analysis pinpointed buses 2–3, 5–6, 6–7, and 8–9 as being at high risk of collapse. A comparative evaluation revealed that LVSF provides faster and more accurate predictions than LVSI and FVSI. This superior accuracy is confirmed by Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values: LVSF: −3.38, LVSI: −85.655, and FVSI: −99.875. The novelty of this work lies in combining fast voltage stability indices with practical compensation strategies on a real distribution network, thereby offering a computationally efficient and utility-ready tool for early prediction of voltage collapse and improved distribution system planning.