A Comprehensive Review: Personalized Treatment Strategies in Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

Abstract

Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (SIHD) is one of the leading cardiovascular disorders associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Since early symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath are often non-specific and difficult to recognize, diagnosis becomes challenging, and many cases remain undetected until advanced stages or complications occur. Traditional diagnosis depends heavily on clinical evaluation, electrocardiography, stress testing, and imaging techniques. The development of improved treatment modalities, beyond conventional pharmacotherapy and revascularization strategies, remains an unmet medical need. Despite extensive research, there is still an urgent need to identify more disease-specific biomarkers that could further improve patient classification and therapeutic outcomes. A paradigm shift has been observed in SIHD research with advancements toward a better understanding of disease mechanisms, aiming for effective screening, early diagnosis, and personalized treatment strategies. This shift has been driven by innovations in genomics, proteomics, and advanced cardiovascular imaging technologies. Recent advances in molecular profiling and biomarker-driven strategies have significantly improved SIHD management. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques and digital health technologies have further enhanced early detection and risk stratification. This review aims to examine the evolving landscape of personalized therapies in SIHD, highlighting key biological targets, emerging therapeutic strategies, and future perspectives.