A Review on Early Diagnosis and Multifactorial Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Modern World; Trends, Treatment, Complications

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a common form of a metabolic disorder associated with high blood sugar levels because, problems with secretion of insulin. Day by day the popularity of diabetes is increasing due to many factors. Uncontrolled diabetes will lead to several complications like kidney damage, nerve damage, skin and mouth infections, cardio vascular problems etc. In this review, we consider both Types of diabetes but mostly focused on Type 2 which accounts for most of the diabetic population. Some of the risk factors are blood line, and obese individuals, sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, smoking, alcohol, and some other lifestyle factors. The type 2 diabetes, which occurred in 88% out of 709 individuals studied, whereas Type 1 occurred in 12%. Major risk factors are age (particularly 41–48 years), inappropriate diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and concomitant conditions like hypertension and dyslipidemia. Diagnostic tests such as HbA1c, FBS, and the OGTT are critical for detection. Multifaceted treatments ranging from the older oral hypoglycemics to newer therapies are evaluated for efficacy and toxicity. The research highlights the significance of early diagnosis, lifestyle modification, and total management to avoid complications and enhance patient outcomes.