Personalized Approaches to Ovarian Cancer in the Modern Era

Abstract

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the female genital malignancy with the highest mortality. Since early ovarian symptoms are often challenging to detect, treatment is difficult because almost 75% of cases are diagnosed in the advanced stage. Traditional diagnosis depends heavily on serum biomarkers and pathological examination. The development of improved treatment modalities, beyond surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy, remains an unmet medical need. Despite the vast number of investigations, there is still an urgent need to discover more ovarian cancer subtype-markers that could further improve patient classification. A paradigm shift has been spotted in OC research with the advancement to a better disease understanding, aiming for effective screening, early diagnosis, and personalized treatment strategies. This shift was catalysed by innovation in genomics, including the widespread use of microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGC). Recent advances in molecular profiling and biomarker-driven strategies have helped revolutionize ovarian cancer management. Liquid biopsy technologies have further improved early detection and risk assessment. This review aims to examine the changing landscape of customized therapies in ovarian cancer, highlighting important biological targets, new therapeutic techniques, and future objectives.