Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle: Pathogenesis, Detection Methods, Future Control Measures
Keywords:
Animal movement controls, BCG vaccine, Diagnostic tests (culture, PCR), Granulomas, Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA), Mycobacterium bovis, Public health risk, Pulmonary lesions, Slaughter surveillance, Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), Wildlife management, Wildlife reservoirs, Zoonotic diseaseAbstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB), a chronic infectious illness that affects cattle as well as other species, including people and wildlife. Globally, it presents serious problems for the economy and public health, especially in areas where raising cattle is a substantial sector. Close contact, contaminated feed, and respiratory droplets are the main ways that the disease is spread, and wildlife reservoirs help to sustain outbreaks over time. Although silent cases make diagnosis more difficult, bTB clinically presents as increasing weight loss, respiratory difficulty, and lymph node enlargement. Skin tests, interferon-gamma assays, and bacterial culture are used for diagnosis; contemporary molecular approaches improve sensitivity and specificity. Along with immunization research, such as the BCG vaccine, which shows promise but needs further testing, control tactics include mobility limitations, wildlife management, and test-and-slaughter laws. Wildlife reservoirs, diagnostic limits, and environmental persistence make eradication bTB difficult despite tremendous efforts. Research is still being conducted to enhance sustainable disease control techniques, vaccine effectiveness, and diagnostics, highlighting the significance of a One Health strategy. To lessen the effects of bTB, safeguard the public's health, and sustain farming communities' livelihoods, coordinated international action is crucial.
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