Osteosarcoma in Adolescents: A Review

Abstract

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor affecting adolescents, typically presenting during periods of rapid skeletal growth. This review explores the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, treatment modalities, and prognosis of osteosarcoma in the adolescent population. Key molecular mechanisms, such as mutations in TP53 and RB1, as well as recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, are discussed. Limb-salvage surgery combined with neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy forms the cornerstone of treatment, though outcomes remain poor in metastatic cases. The article also highlights current challenges in early diagnosis and drug resistance, and reviews promising future directions including precision medicine and novel therapeutic agents. Emphasis is placed on the need for continued research, global collaboration, and improved access to care to enhance survival outcomes and quality of life for adolescent patients.