Research & Review: Management of Cardiovascular and Orthopedic Complications

Coronary Artery Disease: A Cardiovascular Disease: Its Prevention and Management

Mahima Wesley — 2026-06-06

One of the major contributors to illness and death globally is coronary artery disease (CAD), which also places a heavy burden on public health. It is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, a pathological process characterized by the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in reduced blood flow to the myocardium. Age, gender, and heredity are non-modifiable variables that affect the course of CAD, but modifiable risk factors include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary practices. CAD can manifest itself clinically as myocardial infarction, heart failure, unstable angina, stable angina, or sudden cardiac death. Clinical assessment, supported by diagnostic techniques such as electrocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, stress testing, echocardiography, and coronary angiography, is crucial for early diagnosis. Revascularization techniques like percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting, as well as pharmacological therapy and lifestyle changes, are all examples of management strategies. In lowering the incidence of disease and enhancing long-term outcomes, preventative strategies that prioritize changing risk factors are essential. Despite improvements in diagnostic and treatment methods, CAD continues to increase worldwide, highlighting the necessity of early detection, thorough prevention measures, and efficient therapy. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention of coronary artery disease are covered in this abstract.

First Response Begins in the Classroom: Equipping Educators with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills

Anushi Yadav — 2026-06-30

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed within the first minutes of cardiac arrest substantially raises the chance of survival, yet professional medical help is rarely available immediately in school settings, where teachers are often the only adults present during a student emergency. Evidence from India and abroad indicates that teachers generally possess limited and inconsistent CPR knowledge and skill, underscoring the need for structured, school-based training. This study assessed the effectiveness of a video-assisted Structured Teaching Programme (STP) on CPR knowledge and skill among school teachers and examined its association with selected socio-demographic variables.

Methodology: A quantitative, one-group pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design was adopted. Sixty teachers from two selected schools in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, were enrolled through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a socio-demographic proforma, a 34-item self-structured knowledge questionnaire, and a self-structured CPR skill checklist, each validated by seven subject experts (100% item agreement) and found reliable by the test-retest method (r = 0.8). A pre-test was followed by the STP, and a post-test was conducted after a 7-day interval using the same tools. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the paired t-test, and the chi-square test at α = 0.05 using SPSS version 21.

Results: At pre-test, 55% of teachers had good knowledge, 40% average, and 5% poor; for skill, 48.3% were good, 50% average, and 1.7% poor. Post-intervention, 78.3% achieved good knowledge and 83.3% good skill, with no teacher in the poor category for either domain. Mean knowledge score rose from 22.63 ± 6.592 to 28.48 ± 5.144, and mean skill score from 22.30 ± 5.773 to 28.18 ± 4.444; both improvements were highly significant on paired t-test (knowledge: t = 26.723; skill: t = 28.952; df = 59; p < 0.001). Chi-square analysis showed significant associations between pre-test competency and age, educational qualification, professional qualification, designation, school type, medium of instruction, teaching experience, prior CPR training, type of training attended, emergency encounter, and confidence level (p < 0.001 for all); gender showed no significant association with either knowledge or skill (p = 0.076).

Conclusion: The video-assisted Structured Teaching Programme was highly effective in improving teachers' CPR knowledge and skill, and baseline competency varied chiefly along socio-demographic and experiential lines rather than gender. Embedding mandatory, periodically refreshed CPR training within teacher education and school health policy can strengthen school-based emergency preparedness and improve outcomes during paediatric and adult cardiac emergencies.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Tennis Ball Massage on Back Pain Among Nursing Officers in Mysuru City

Nisarga — 2026-07-20

Low back pain is considered a frequent health concern among nursing officers, mainly because of prolonged standing, frequent patient handling, and repetitive physical tasks. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tennis ball massage in relieving low back pain among nursing officers. The study adopted a quantitative research methodology and followed a pre-experimental design involving a single group, with participants assessed before and after the intervention through pre-test and post-test measurements. The study sample consisted of 50 nursing officers who were recruited using the convenience sampling method. Low back pain was measured before and after the intervention using the Quebec Back Pain Scale (QBPS). The results indicated that the average pain score recorded during the pre-intervention score was 69.74 ± 9.60, whereas the average of the post-intervention score was decreased to 46.24 ± 8.28, reflecting an overall reduction of 23.50 points after the intervention. The paired t-test analysis was 16.68, which was statistically highly significant (p < 0.001), demonstrating that tennis ball massage effectively reduced low back pain among the participants. No significant statistical association was identified between post-test pain scores and the selected demographic variables (p > 0.05), except where applicable. Based on these findings, the study concludes that tennis ball massage is a safe, simple, affordable, and non-pharmacological method for reducing occupational low back pain among nursing officers. Its ease of use and effectiveness make it a valuable complementary therapy that can be incorporated into routine nursing practice for the effective management of lower back pain.

A Study to Evaluate How Effective a Video-Based Teaching Program is in Improving Students' Knowledge About Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Akash Pilare — 2026-08-01

Background: Across the world and within regions, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) continues to be a major driver of elevated death rates. Survival improves markedly when a nearby person begins Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) right away, yet broad public understanding is still limited, especially in developing countries such as India. Secondary school learners are a suitable community segment to prepare as motivated, rapid responders in emergencies.

Objectives: Determine high school students’ initial (pre-test) understanding of CPR. Assess knowledge after an interactive Video-Assisted Teaching Program through a post-test. Identify which demographic factors are linked with the early baseline level of knowledge.

Methodology: Using a pre-experimental single-group pre-test/post-test approach, the study involved 60 high school students chosen through non-probability convenience selection from one urban city school. Researchers used a structured 20-question knowledge tool (r=0.9180). The post-test was carried out 7 days after the intervention.

Results: At baseline, the average pre-test score measured 8.50±2.81, corresponding to a mean of 42.50%. After the video-based program, the average post-test score rose substantially to 15±2.82, or a 75% mean. A paired t-test showed the intervention had a strongly significant impact (t=13.91, p=0.0001). Chi-square testing and ANOVA found meaningful baseline links with student age, father’s education, and the area of residence (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Among adolescents, video-assisted teaching effectively addresses key gaps in basic life support knowledge and is strongly suggested for routine inclusion within standard school curricula.

Effectiveness of Simulation-Based CPR Education Package on Knowledge and Practice Among First-Year BDS Students at Selected College of Dental Sciences in Chennai

Nancy Priscilla. G — 2026-08-01

A study to assess the effectiveness of an educational package on knowledge and practices related to Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) strived to first-year BDS students from various colleges in Chennai. A quantitative method, utilizing a pre-experimental design, was employed in this study, which was carried out at selected institutions in Chennai. The study sample comprised 30 first-year BDS students, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection tools included a structured demographic questionnaire to gather background information, a semi-structured questionnaire designed to explore students' knowledge of CPR, and a checklist for observation to evaluate their practical skills. The results showed a mean knowledge score of -4.4 with a standard deviation of 23.7. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in post-test knowledge (17(633%)) as compared to pre- test knowledge (4(13.3%), with a p-value of < 0.001 (t = 5.31). The study concluded that the students had adequate knowledge and good practice after Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).