Mesenteric Ischemia: A Silent Vascular Emergency with High Mortality: Narrative Review

Abstract

A major vascular emergency, mesenteric ischemia is brought on by inadequate blood flow to the intestines and, if left untreated, can result in ischemia, inflammation, and necrosis. It is divided into acute and chronic forms, with the former typically associated with atherosclerosis and the latter frequently arising from arterial embolism or thrombosis. Severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and, in more advanced stages, shock are the symptoms that first appear in older adults with cardiovascular co-morbidities. Laboratory testing and imaging techniques like CT or MR angiography are used in diagnosis to find vascular blockage. Restoring intestinal perfusion and preventing bowel infarction are the goals of management, which includes endovascular or surgical procedures such as bowel resection or revascularisation, fluid resuscitation, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, and anticoagulation. Reducing the morbidity and mortality linked to this potentially fatal illness requires early detection and timely intervention. In addition, emerging diagnostic biomarkers and advancements in minimally invasive techniques have improved early identification and patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary management involving surgeons, radiologists, and critical care specialists further enhances survival rates and reduces complications.