Snake Bite: Types, Causes, Prevention and Management

Abstract

Snakebite is a significant occupational and public health hazard worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions such as India. It remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among rural populations engaged in agriculture and outdoor occupations. In India, it is estimated that nearly 50,000 deaths occur annually due to venomous snakebites, with the majority of victims being males between 20 and 50 years of age. Beyond mortality, snakebite contributes substantially to morbidity, resulting in long-term physical disabilities, psychological trauma among survivors, and a considerable economic burden due to prolonged hospitalization, treatment costs, and loss of productive workdays. Despite the seriousness of the problem, snakebite is largely preventable and treatable when timely and appropriate medical interventions are provided. Preventive measures such as community education, use of protective footwear, and environmental modifications play a crucial role in reducing incidence. Early recognition of envenomation, proper first aid, prompt referral, and effective administration of anti-snake venom are key components of successful management. Increased awareness, strengthened healthcare systems, and continuous training of healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, can significantly reduce snakebite-related complications and fatalities. With coordinated preventive and management strategies, the burden of snakebite can be substantially minimized in the coming years.