Xylazine in the Opioid Crisis

Abstract

Xylazine, colloquially known as "tranq," "tranq dope," or the "zombie drug," is an emerging opioid crisis among adulterant in synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. Its use is associated with severe health complications, including skin necrosis, cardiovascular depression, and central nervous system effects. Originally developed for veterinary purposes, xylazine is a sedative with analgesic and muscle-relaxant properties, used in multiple animal species for sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia. Reports from the United States and other countries indicate rising human exposure due to its inclusion in illicit drug supplies, resulting in increasing overdose-related fatalities. Given its severe health risks, rising prevalence, and lack of regulation, urgent public health interventions and clinical research are needed to address the xylazine crisis.