Tetanus in Partially Immunised Five-Year-Old: A Case Report

Abstract

Background: Children are especially vulnerable to tetanus because they frequently play outdoors and come into contact with soil, where tetanus-causing bacteria are commonly found. Tetanus is a rare but serious disease that occurs when these bacteria enter the body through a wound. They thrive in soil and animal manure and can survive outside the body for long periods. Once inside, they release a toxin that affects the nerves, causing muscle stiffness and painful spasms. Most cases occur in individuals who are unvaccinated or have not completed the full vaccination schedule.

Case Presentation: This case report describes a five-year-old female from a rural background who presented with clinical features of tetanus, including trismus and generalized muscle spasms, one week following a fever. She was found to be partially immunised, having missed routine booster doses of the DPT vaccine. This case highlights the ongoing threat of vaccine-preventable diseases in under-immunised populations and underscores the importance of wound care and immunisation awareness, especially in resource-limited settings.

Nursing Interventions: Nursing care focused on airway management, control of spasms, infection prevention, nutritional support, environmental modifications, family education, and psychosocial support.

Outcome: The child gradually improved over 10 days, was weaned off intensive sedation, and discharged in stable condition with appropriate follow-up and immunisation advice.

Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of complete immunisation, vigilant wound care, and evidence-based nursing interventions in preventing complications of tetanus. Nurses play a critical role in early recognition, management, and family education, especially in resource-limited rural settings.