Variations in Physicochemical Parameters of Wastewater from Different Sources in Odisha and their Environmental Impact

https://doi.org/10.46610/JoWRPS.2026.v011i01.002

Abstract

Wastewater originating from domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities represents a major source of environmental pollution and poses significant risks to public health and aquatic ecosystems. The present study investigated variations in physicochemical characteristics of wastewater collected from different sources across selected regions of Odisha, India. Nine wastewater samples were analysed, comprising three samples each from industrial, domestic, and agricultural origins. Key physicochemical parameters, including pH, colour, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonia, nitrite, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, and calcium, were determined using standard analytical methods. Industrial wastewater exhibited pronounced variability, with effluents from ACC Cement and Shyam Metals showing elevated pH, turbidity, hardness, and fluoride levels, indicating substantial inorganic contamination. Domestic wastewater samples were characterized by lower pH and significantly higher concentrations of ammonia, fluoride, colour, and turbidity, with Rajendrapada showing the highest contamination among domestic sources. Agricultural wastewater displayed moderate pollution levels; however, rice field samples showed comparatively higher concentrations of TDS, alkalinity, ammonia, and fluoride, reflecting nutrient enrichment from agricultural practices. Several parameters exceeded acceptable and, in certain cases, permissible limits across all wastewater categories, highlighting widespread deterioration of water quality. Findings emphasize the need for better wastewater management and treatment technologies to reduce environmental and health risks.