Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies

Assessment of Waste Management Practices in India

Ritesh G Upadhyay — 2025-11-07

Effective waste management is a major challenge for sustainable development in India, a country experiencing rapid urbanization, a growing population, and increasing industrial activity. These factors have significantly increased the amount of solid waste being generated. This study examines how waste is currently managed in India, focusing on the processes of collection, segregation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. The analysis reveals regional variations in waste generation and management practices, as well as the gap between policy formulation and on-ground implementation. Despite national initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Mission and the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016), numerous challenges persist. These include inadequate infrastructure, low public awareness, the dominance of the informal sector, and weak enforcement of regulations. The study also explores the potential of sustainable waste management approaches such as waste-to-energy conversion, recycling, composting, and the circular economy model to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. The findings highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive and integrated waste management system that combines technological innovation, robust policy enforcement, and active community participation. Such a system is essential to enhance environmental sustainability, protect public health, and support India’s long-term development goals. India’s waste management system faces major challenges, including inadequate collection and processing infrastructure, especially in rural areas where formal systems are largely absent. While efforts like the Swachh Bharat Mission aim to improve urban management, significant portions of waste end up in landfills or are improperly disposed of, harming the environment and public health. Key issues include low recycling rates, ineffective sorting, and a lack of financial incentives for recycled materials, which hinders the economic viability of the sector and emphasizes the need for source segregation and robust treatment facilities.

Water Security Assessment in Bangladesh: Availability, Accessibility, and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Districts

Md. Sakib Mahdi Aziz — 2025-09-22

Coastal Bangladesh’s water security faces pitfalls from environmental, climate, and mortality caused issues. This study evaluates the access and vacuity of drinking water in the southwest littoral sections of Satkhira, Khulna, and Bagerhat using a mixed system approach. It includes ménage checks, focus groups, and crucial snitch interviews. Using structured surveys, experimenters gathered data from 18 unions spread throughout 7 upazilas using Google forms. Important factors for vacuity included the demand to source rate, dearth’s seasonal usability, and source power. While assaying availability, they considered the distance to water sources, time spent gathering water, road conditions, transportation styles, and societal factors like safety and fairness. The results show that over 40 of homes travel further than 500 meters to access water. Furthermore, each trip takes more than 15 minutes in 55% of households. A shy structure, nitrate impurities, salinity, and E. coli contamination reduce accessibility and raise health risks. Satkhira shows better availability, while Khulna performs better in source vacuity. The study stresses the need for structure development, targeted conduct, and digital tools like WatApp to support real-time decision-timber. Ensuring fair and sustainable access to clean water in Bangladesh’s vulnerable littoral areas is vital for improving public health and structure long-term climate adaptability.

Examining the Vertical Dispersion and Degradation of TPH in Freshwater and Saltwater Media

OZIOKO Fabian Chidiebere — 2025-12-22

The persistent contamination of aquatic systems by crude oil poses significant environmental and ecological risks, particularly in stagnant water bodies where natural dispersion is limited. This study investigates the vertical transport and degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in freshwater and saltwater systems using laboratory-scale batch reactors. Two cylindrical reactors were prepared—one containing freshwater and the other saltwater—and each was spiked with 250 cm³ of crude oil. Water samples were collected from six evenly spaced points at biweekly intervals over three months. Key physicochemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, chloride, sulphate, temperature, and others, were analyzed to monitor environmental conditions. The degradation of TPH was modeled using a two-dimensional advection-diffusion transport framework combined with first-order kinetics and Monod equations. Horizontal transport was assumed to occur via diffusion, while vertical transport incorporated both diffusion and gravity-driven convection. Rate constants for both models were derived from experimental data. Results indicated that predicted TPH concentrations decreased with increasing depth, consistent with experimental observations. The first-order kinetic model consistently provided a closer approximation of measured TPH values across all sampling points and depths compared to the Monod model. In freshwater, TPH decreased from 5,955.91 ppm at 0.25 m depth to 959.69 ppm at 1.25 m by Day 28, while in saltwater, values declined from 4,253.44 ppm to 757.90 ppm. Error analysis confirmed the superior predictive performance of first-order kinetics over the Monod approach. These findings demonstrate the applicability of first-order kinetic modeling in simulating the vertical dispersion and degradation of crude oil in stagnant water environments and provide a basis for risk assessment and remediation planning in oil-impacted aquatic systems.

A Statistical Dual Approach of Rainfall Trend Analysis A Review

Ramya B. — 2025-10-03

This study aims to analyze rainfall trends and assess their temporal variability, which are important for understanding regional water patterns and their impacts on the management of water resources. This research uses non-parametric statistical methods, including the Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and Pettitt’s test, to evaluate trends and sudden changes in rainfall data over long periods. By looking at spatial and seasonal variability, the research highlights the significant contributions of winter, as well as the rainfall totals during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. By using the proposed implementation strategy, rainfall trend analysis can be improved by using new technologies called innovative pivot trend analysis and innovative polygonal trend analysis (IPTA). This will provide a graphical approach to trend analysis and trend detection, and we can compare with other non-parametric rainfall trend analysis methods, and this also provides useful insights for climate-sensitive sectors. Combining spatial and temporal variability with extreme event analysis, climate change attribution, and hydrological modelling will support strong decision-making for sustainable agriculture and the management of water resources.

Water Bodies Depletion in Naogaon Sadar, Bangladesh: A Spatiotemporal Analysis Emphasizing LULC as the Most Influential Factor Using GIS and Predictive Modelling

Md. Mahfuz Alam — 2025-09-15

Water resources are crucial to agriculture, biodiversity, and livelihoods for the communities in semi-arid regions, and important water resources face serious threats from climate change and rapid urbanization. This study assessed the temporal and spatial impacts of land use land cover (LULC) on surface water bodies in Naogoan Sadar, Bangladesh, from 1999 to 2024 and predicted trends to 2029. Remote sensing analyses relied on Landsat satellite imagery at 30 meters of spatial resolution; each LULC classification was performed using the Maximum Likelihood algorithm, and future predictions were developed using a CA-Markov model. The study found a 48.32% decrease in water bodies over 25 years, with 31.73% of water bodies converted to built-up areas. Overall, agricultural land saw a decrease of 35% as well, and the bare soil transition could be attributed to urbanization. These results suggest a projected loss of 60.4% of surface water bodies by 2029, due to uncontrolled urban development. These results suggest that unsustainable land practices could be responsible for the degradation of water resources. The study recommends integrated policy planning for sustainable water resource management, including zoning regulations and RS-GIS monitoring. Other recommendations include the restoration of wetlands. The study brings out a shared issue related to urban growth with regard to environmental care, and this helps in taking proper steps in the affected parts of the world.