Design and Study Analysis of a Patch Antenna for Two Different Substrates
Keywords:
Bandwidth, Bluetooth, Directivity, Gain, ISM, Substrate, Voltage standing wave ratioAbstract
This study investigates the effects of substrate dielectric constant (εr) and thickness (h) on the impedance and radiation performance of a microstrip patch antenna operating in the 2.3–2.4 GHz bands. According to simulation results, substrate parameters significantly affect return loss, gain bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio. Low-permittivity substrate ɛr = 2.2 (RT-duroid) antennas with a return loss of at least −24.19dB and a voltage standing wave ratio of 1.07 at substrate height h = 2.8 mm demonstrate good radiation efficiency and impedance matching. Fringing fields are improved by moderate substrate thickness (2.8–3.2 mm), which improves matching and gain without appreciably exciting surface waves. In contrast, antennas with substrates like FR4 with higher-permittivity ɛr= 4.4, offer return loss of at least −22.91dB and higher bandwidth (≈90 MHz), but their matching is acceptable but inferior with reduced gain (≈3.2–3.6 dB). In every scenario, resonance stays constant in the 2.3–2.4 GHz range with only slight frequency shifts brought on by changes in effective permittivity. Overall, the study confirms that ɛr = 2.2 with h ≈ 2.8–3.2 mm is an ideal configuration for effective ISM band antenna design since it offers the best trade-off between return loss, gain, directivity and matching.
References
M. Nahas, “A high-gain dual-band slotted microstrip patch antenna for 5G cellular mobile phones,” Eng., Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 14504–14508, Jun. 2024
M. A. Rahman, S. S. Al-Bawri, W. M. Abdulkawi, and M. T. Islam, “Miniaturized tri-band integrated microwave and millimeter-wave MIMO antenna loaded with metamaterial for 5G IoT applications,” Results Eng., vol. 24, Art. no. 103130, Dec. 2024.
M. Nahas, “Design of a high-gain dual-band LI-slotted microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communication systems,” J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, Art. no. 100483, Dec. 2022.
A. K. Sahu, A. Shyamala, A. Lahari, and Ch. Surarchitha, “Design of microstrip patch antenna using meta-surface for bandwidth enhancement,” J. Electron. Autom. Eng., vol. 4, no. 2, Jun. 2025.
L. F. Guerrero-Vásquez et al., “Design, algorithm and applications of microstrip antennas for image acquisition: Systematic review,” Electronics, vol. 14, no. 6, Art. no. 1063, Mar. 2025.
G. Rengarajan et al., “Advanced T-shaped smart antenna architecture for improved mobile network efficiency,” J. Ind. Text., vol. 55, pp. 1–29, Jun. 2025.
M. S. Rana and M. M. R. Smieee, “Design and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for 5G wireless communication systems,” Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 3329–3337, Dec. 2022.
A. H. Rambe, M. L. Asri, S. Suherman, and R. Harahap, “Design and simulation of rectangular patch microstrip antenna with inset feed for S-band application,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 725, Art. no. 012056, 2020.
V. Saidulu and K. S. Rao, “Study of the dielectric superstrate thickness effects on microstrip patch antennas,” IOSR J. Electron. Commun. Eng., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 55–65, Jan.–Feb. 2016.
M. S. Yahya et al., “LoRa microstrip patch antenna: A comprehensive review,” Alexandria Eng. J., vol. 103, pp. 197–221, Sep. 2024.
M. S. A. Niharika and G. Sreenivasulu, “A novel hexagonal microstrip antenna for UWB applications,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., vol. 8, no. 12, Dec. 2019.
Z. Islam, M. Rahman, and A. Z. M. T. Islam, “Design of a polyester substrate-based microstrip patch antenna for WBAN applications,” SSRG Int. J. Recent Eng. Sci., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 77–83.
N. Kumar and N. Sharma, “The various feeding techniques of microstrip patch antenna using HFSS,” Int. J. Electron. Commun. Eng., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 23–29, Jun. 2019.
N. Nurhayati et al., “Design and studies of monopole antenna integrated with metamaterial-based CSRR and rectangular spiral shaped for super wideband application,” Results Eng., vol. 26, Art. no. 105459, Jun. 2025.
M. H. S. Alrashdan, Z. Al-Qudah, and M. Al Bataineh, “Microstrip patch antenna directivity optimization via Taguchi method,” Ain Shams Eng. J., vol. 15, no. 9, Art. no. 102923, Sep. 2024.
D. Chatterjee and A. K. Kundu, “Parametric study of microstrip patch antenna using different feeding techniques for wireless and medical applications,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 310–316, 2018.
M. L. Seddiki et al., “Compact multiband handset antenna design for covering 5G frequency bands,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 20822–20829, 2024.
F. Mahbub et al., “A single-band 28.5 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna for 5G communications technology,” Proc. IEEE CCWC, NV, USA, Jan. 2021, pp. 1151–1156.
E. Jebabli, M. Hayouni, and F. Choubani, “Impedance matching enhancement of a microstrip antenna array designed for Ka-band 5G applications,” Proc. IWCMC, Harbin City, China, Jun. 2021, pp. 1254–1258.
I. Lima de Paula et al., “Cost-effective high-performance air-filled SIW antenna array for the global 5G 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 194–198, Oct. 2021.
R. K. Thakur, R. K. Rai, M. Dholvan, and A. Kumar, “A novel triple U-slot microstrip patch antenna design for multiband applications,” Proc. IEEE SCEECS, Bhopal, India, Oct. 2024, pp. 1–6.
B. Wang et al., “Wideband series-fed microstrip patch antenna array with flat gain based on magnetic current feeding technology,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 834–838, Apr. 2023.
A. Birwal, K. Patel, and S. Singh, “Circular slot-based microstrip circularly polarized antenna for 2.45-GHz RFID reader applications,” IEEE J. Radio Freq. Identif., vol. 8, pp. 10–18, 2024.
M. M. Nahas, “Gain enhancement of a microstrip patch antenna with quasi H-shaped slot for UHF RFID reader,” J. Appl. Sci. Eng., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 565–569, 2022.
M. Nahas, “Enhancing the resonance characteristics of circular patch antenna for SHF applications,” J. Eng. Res., vol. 10, no. 3A, 2022.
F. Mahbub, R. Islam, S. A. Kadir Al-Nahiun, S. B. Akash, R. R. Hasan, and Md. A. Rahman, “A single-band 28.5 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna for 5G communications technology,” in Proc. IEEE 11th Annu. Comput. Commun. Workshop Conf. (CCWC), Jan. 2021, pp. 1151–1156.
