Journal of RF and Microwave Communication Technologies

Impact of Angular Resolution in Antenna Array Topology using Virtual Array

Ravi Hosamani, Mohammad Ziaullah, Aarif Makandar — Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Antenna arrays play a crucial role in various applications such as radar systems, wireless communications, and radio astronomy, where accurate direction finding and localization are essential. One of the key challenges in antenna array systems is achieving high angular resolution without significantly increasing the physical size or complexity of the array. This work proposes the use of virtual array synthesis techniques. These techniques aim to create a virtual array with a larger effective aperture, which leads to improved angular resolution. The analysis of the synthesized arrays will involve both numerical simulations and practical measurements using a prototype array system. The performance metrics will be compared against those of conventional antenna arrays to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed virtual array synthesis techniques. Additionally, the impact of various design parameters, such as the number of elements, element spacing, and signal processing algorithms, will be investigated to provide insights for practical implementations. Advanced optimization algorithms and simulation tools will be employed to evaluate the performance of these topologies, specifically focusing on angular resolution enhancement, reduction of main lobe width, and suppression of side lobe levels. Different virtual array topologies built and examined in this proposed work also estimated the beam pattern for each topology and evaluated its performance in terms of bandwidth and side lobe levels. In comparison also discussed for the topologies.

Advanced Microwave Filter Design for Next-Generation High-Frequency Wireless Communication

Abu Daud Mohammad Maruf — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid evolution of fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems has intensified the demand for compact, low-loss, highly selective, and wideband microwave filters operating in millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz frequency bands. Advanced microwave filter technologies play a critical role in ensuring spectrum efficiency, interference suppression, and signal integrity in next-generation wireless networks. This research article investigates advanced microwave filter design methodologies based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP), and metamaterial resonators, and multi-band filtering structures for high-frequency wireless communication systems. The proposed study develops a hybrid SIW-SSPP bandpass filter operating within the 24–30 GHz spectrum suitable for 5G NR and future 6G applications. Simulation-based analysis evaluates insertion loss, return loss, bandwidth, selectivity, and group delay characteristics. Results demonstrate that the hybrid design achieves superior out-of-band rejection, compact size, and low insertion loss compared with conventional microstrip filters. The findings confirm that advanced microwave filter architectures can significantly enhance the performance and scalability of future wireless front-end systems.

Miniaturization of Patch Antenna using Complementary Split Ring Resonator

Revati J. Poonja, R. L. Raibagkar — Fri, 03 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This work presents antenna miniaturization by employing a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) and a comparative study between a conventional antenna and a metamaterial antenna, analyzed and fabricated for a Wi-Fi communication system. The primary objective of this work is to reduce the antenna size by maintaining its operating frequency and radiation characteristics. Initially, a conventional reference antenna was designed to resonate at 2.4 GHz. To attain miniaturization, a square CSRR structure was etched on the ground plane of the antenna. Employing a single CSRR results in a slight shift of the resonant frequency to 2.41 GHz with a noticeable reduction in antenna size. Further, enhancement in miniaturization was achieved by etching two square CSRRs on the ground plane without affecting its performance. This modified antenna exhibits significant size reduction. By introducing a single CSRR, an overall size reduction of 54.17% was achieved, while introducing two CSRRs resulted in a size reduction of 60.42%, compared to a conventional microstrip patch antenna. By preserving desired operating characteristics, the CSRR structure effectively alters the electromagnetic properties of the antenna while remaining compact in size. This simulation work is carried out using ANSYS HFSS 15 software.

Performance Enhancement of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Golden Ratio Technique

R. P. Mudenurmath, M. S. Sethsanadi, Vani R. M., Shridhar Mathad — Tue, 11 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The design and simulation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on the golden ratio that operates at 2.0, 2.4, 3.0, and 5.0 GHz for wireless communication applications are presented in this study. An FR4 glass-reinforced epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to manufacture the antenna. For appropriate impedance matching, a quarter-wave transformer feed is utilized. The golden ratio is a revolutionary mathematical technique used in the suggested design to optimize the antenna’s dimensions and improve its performance. Simulation results obtained using ANSYS HFSS 15 demonstrate significant improvements in antenna characteristics compared to the conventional design. The return loss is improved from −15.14 dB to −29.22 dB at 2 GHz, −27.69 dB to −32.62 dB at 2.4 GHz, −22.04 dB to −25.38 dB at 3 GHz, and −34.95 dB to −40.50 dB at 5 GHz. The VSWR is reduced from 1.42 to 1.07 at 2 GHz, 1.08 to 1.04 at 2.4 GHz, 1.17 to 1.11 at 3 GHz, and 1.036 to 1.019 at 5 GHz. In addition, the impedance bandwidth is enhanced from 34 MHz to 60 MHz at 2 GHz, 22.75 MHz to 70 MHz at 2.4 GHz, 80 MHz to 100 MHz at 3 GHz, and 190 MHz to 230 MHz at 5 GHz, with the maximum bandwidth achieved at 5 GHz. The simulated radiation patterns at 0° and 90° are directional in nature, while the E-plane and H-plane patterns exhibit similar characteristics, indicating near-circular polarization with low cross-polarization levels. Owing to its enhanced bandwidth, improved impedance matching, and excellent radiation characteristics, the proposed antenna is well suited for Wi-Fi, WLAN, and other modern wireless communication applications.

Reviewing Quantum Key Distribution and the Path to a Secure Quantum Internet

C. Mohanapriya, C. Radhiya Devi — Tue, 11 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Quantum communication uses the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, namely superposition, entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem, to transmit information with security guarantees that classical cryptography cannot offer. As classical public-key infrastructure faces long-term threats from quantum computers running Shor's algorithm, quantum communication has emerged as a leading candidate for future-proof secure networking. This article reviews the theoretical foundations of quantum communication, surveys prominent Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols including BB84, E91, decoy-state, continuous-variable, and twin-field QKD, and examines the practical barriers of photon loss, decoherence, and detector imperfections that limit transmission distance. A comparative analysis of protocol performance over optical fiber is presented, followed by a discussion of quantum repeater architectures and satellite-based quantum key distribution as complementary strategies for extending range. Recent milestones, including intercontinental satellite quantum key distribution and metropolitan quantum networks, are discussed alongside persistent engineering and cost challenges. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the quantum internet, highlighting the integration of quantum communication with quantum computing and distributed quantum sensing as the next frontier of the field.