Review on Propagation Delay Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Using ZigBee and LoRa
Keywords:
LoRa, LoRaWAN, Propagation delay, Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), ZigBeeAbstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a pivotal role in modern internet of things (IoT) ecosystems, enabling real-time data collection and communication across a wide range of applications. Among the most prominent communication technologies used in WSNs are ZigBee and LoRa, each offering unique advantages in terms of latency, power efficiency, and range. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of propagation delay, an essential performance metric in ZigBee and LoRa-based WSNs. We explore the architectural frameworks, modulation techniques, and network topologies that contribute to delay variations in both technologies. While ZigBee typically offers lower latency for short-range, low-hop networks due to its mesh architecture and higher data rates, LoRa provides superior long-range communication at the cost of increased transmission time. Key factors influencing delay, such as spreading factor, packet size, multi-hop routing, and sleep-mode latency, are examined in detail. Empirical data from recent building-scale studies are analyzed to highlight performance trends across different network scenarios. The study concludes with insights into hybrid ZigBee-LoRa deployments, latency-optimized configurations, and future research challenges in delay-sensitive WSN applications.
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