Proteus-Matlab Based Implementation and Filter Performance Analysis of an Analog Front-End Circuit for ECG Signal Processing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46610/JoAESP.2025.v02i02.001%20%20%20Keywords:
Analog front-end circuit, ECG signal, Filter, MATLAB®, ProteusAbstract
This study describes the design and development of a front-end analog circuit for processing ECG signals, with signal analysis done in MATLAB® and preliminary simulations done with Proteus. An electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection module, an instrumental amplifier, and several filters intended to enhance the ECG signal are all part of the analog front-end circuit. The circuit uses both low-pass and high-pass filters to create a frequency range of 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz. It starts with an ESD safety stage and ends with an instrumental amplifier. The change from a 4th-order to a 6th-order Bessel filter was a crucial improvement in terms of signal fidelity. All of these parts, like the ESD safety circuit, filters, and instrumental amplifier are carefully designed with Proteus simulating each one. MATLAB® was used to generate a raw ECG signal for the testing on a filter design that would have been generated and corrupted by white noise. The signal was later passed through a set of filters, i.e., Butterworth, Moving Average, Moving Median, Chebyshev 1, Chebyshev 2, and Elliptic filter. A comparative analysis of the filtered outputs demonstrated how well or efficiently each filter type can reduce noise and enhance signal clarity. This study clarifies the optimal design selections in front-end analog circuits for biomedical applications and demonstrates the efficacy of advanced filtering methods to enhance ECG signal quality.
References
G. E. Burch and N. P. DePasquale, A history of electrocardiography. San Francisco, CA, USA: Norman Publishing, 1990.
W. B. Fye, “A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography,” The American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 73, no. 13, pp. 937–949, May 1994, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002- 9149(94)90135-x
S. J. Weisner, W. J. Tompkins, and B. M. Tompkins, “A compact, microprocessor-based ECG ST-Segment analyzer for the operating room,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-29, no. 9, pp. 642–649, Sep. 1982, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1982.324937
S. M. S. Jalaleddine, C. G. Hutchens, R. D. Strattan, and W. A. Coberly, “ECG data compression techniques—A unified approach,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 329–343, Apr. 1990, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/10.52340
F. Asadi, Essential circuit analysis using Proteus®. Singapore: Springer, 2022.
M. T. Rahamoni, S. Kabir, M. H. Parvez, S. Islam, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Towards the portability of a capacitive-sensor based non-invasive glucometer: A simulation approach,” 2020 IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE), pp. 94–97, Dec. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WIECON- ECE52138.2020.9398027
M. N. Sakib et al., “Smart energy meters with GSM-powered mobile billing: Remote monitoring and smarter electricity experience,” Journal of Communication Engineering and VLSI Design, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 8–14, Nov. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.48001/jocevd.2024.228-14
T. Ahmed, M. J. Islam, M. H. D. Chowdhury, M. R. H. Chowdhury, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Design and implementation of a GSM-based home protection system against gas cylinder explosion,” Journal of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Design, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 12–16, Oct. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.48001/joeeed.2024.2212-16
M. R. Rahman, M. J. Islam, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Design and implementation of a solar-powered DC refrigerator based on Peltier Effect,” J. Electr. Power Syst. Eng., vol. 10, no. 3, Sep. 2024. Available: https://matjournals.net/engineering/index.php/JEPSE/article/view/926
P. K. Goon, M. N. Uddin, M. Islam, A. U. S. Suvro, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Automatic industrial Garbage collection and Segregation robot,” J. Control Syst. Control Instrum., vol. 7, no. 1, Mar. 2021. Available: https://matjournals.co.in/index.php/JOCSACI/article/view/2748
P. Richman, “Computer modeling the effects of oscilloscope bandwidth on ESD waveforms, including arc oscillations,” IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Wakefield, MA, USA, pp. 1–8, Aug. 1985, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1985.7566947
J. Glover, “Adaptive noise canceling applied to sinusoidal interferences,” IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 484–491, Dec. 1977, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TASSP.1977.1162997
M. Z. A. Emon, K. M. Salim, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Design and analysis of a high-gain, low-noise, and low-power analog front end for electrocardiogram acquisition in 45 nm technology using gm/ID method,” Electronics, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 2190, Jun. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112190
M. Amina et al., “Analysis of common-mode rejection ratio of a CMOS differential amplifier considering all the non-idealities,” 2nd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technologies (EICT), Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh, December 10-12, 2015. pp. 234–238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/EICT.2015.7391952
A. Islam and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “A simulink-based generalized model of PV cell/array,” 2014 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET 2014), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 1-5, May 29-31, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDRET.2014.6861683
A. Islam and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Simulation of two-diode model based PV solar cell/array: A SIMULINK approach,” ISTP Journal of Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering(ISTP-JREEE), Special Issue on 1st International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering & Management (IOCRSEM 2014), pp. 67-72, 2014. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330117425
M. I. B. Chowdhury and M. M. S. Hassan, “Analytical modeling of base transit time considering recombination in the non-uniformly doped base,” 2011 International Symposium on Humanities, Science & Engineering Research (SHUSER), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 117–122, Jun. 2011. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SHUSER.2011.6008482
M. I. B. Chowdhury and M. M. S. Hassan, “Analysis of base transit time for a bipolar junction transistor considering base current,” International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (ICECE 2010), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 20–24, Dec. 20–24, 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICELCE.2010.5700543
M. I. B. Chowdhury and M. M. S. Hassan, “Base transit time of a bipolar junction transistor considering majority-carrier current,” International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2008 (ICECE 2008), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 133–138, Dec. 20-22, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECE.2008.4769187
S. M. M. Islam et al., “Base transit time of a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) with Gaussian doped base under high-level of injection,” 2012 International Conference on Devices, Circuits, and Systems (ICDCS), Coimbatore, India, 2012, pp. 114-118, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSyst.2012.6188685
S. M. M. Islam et al., Y. Arafat, I. B. Chowdhury, M. Z. R. Khan and M. M. S. Hassan, “Base transit time of a heterojunction bipolar transistor with Gaussian doped base,” International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (ICECE 2010), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2010, pp. 127-130, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICELCE.2010.5700643
S. M. M. Islam, Y. Arafat, M. Z. R. Khan, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Base transit time modeling of Gaussian-doped SiGe HBT considering field-dependence of mobility”, International Journal of Research in Electronics and Computer Engineering (IJRECE), vol. 4, no. 1, 2016, pp. 53-59, Available: https://nebula.wsimg.com/6a0c2394bab2833379e14281f1f15606?AccessKeyId=DFB1BA3CED7E 7997D5B1&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
S. M. M. Islam et al., “Physics-based analysis of the base transit time in Sige-Hbt with Gaussian doped base,” ISTP Journal of Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISTP-JREEE), Special Issue on 1st International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering & Management (IOCRSEM 2014), 2014, pp. 80-86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308765184
A. Haque, A. Rahman, and I. B. Chowdhury, “On the use of appropriate boundary conditions to calculate the normalized wave functions in the inversion layers of MOSFETs with ultra-thin gate oxides,” Solid-State Electronics, vol. 44, no. 10, 2000, pp. 1833–1836. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1101(00)00115-5
M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Ion-sensitive vertical tunnel field-effect transistor for highly sensitive, low power, low pH-resolution pH sensing,” IEEE Sensors Letters, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–4, Dec. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2023.3341887
M. J. Islam et al., “Analytical model of cutoff frequency of GAAs PIN photodiode,” Journal of VLSI Design and Signal Processing, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 31-40, 2024, Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383395519
M. R. Huqe, S. İ. Reba, M. S. Uddin, and M. İ. B. Chowdhury, “Analytical modeling of the base dark saturation current of drift-field solar cells considering auger recombination,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 420-426, 2013. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijrer/issue/16079/168254
S. K. Saha, A. M. Farhan, S. I. Reba, S. I. Ferdaus and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “An analytical model of dark saturation current of silicon solar cell considering both SRH and Auger recombination,” 2011 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nano Electronics, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 2011, pp. 9-13, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/RSM.2011.6088280
S. K. Saha, S. I. Ferdaus, S. I. Reba and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Effect of field dependent mobility and simultaneous consideration of both SRH and auger recombination on the analytical modeling of internal quantum efficiency of a si-solar cell,” TENCON 2011 - 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Bali, Indonesia, 2011, pp. 662-666, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2011.6129190
S. K. Saha, S. I. Ferdaus, A. M. Farhan, S. I. Reba and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Effect of field dependent mobility on the analytical modeling of emitter saturation current of a silicon solar cell,” 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Applications and Industrial Electronics (ICCAIE), Penang, Malaysia, 2011, pp. 7-11, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAIE.2011.6162094
S. I. Reba et al., “Effect of auger recombination on the emitter saturation current of Si-drift solar cells,” ISTP Journal of Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISTP-JREEE), Special Issue on 1st International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering & Management (IOCRSEM 2014), pp. 73-79, 2014. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330117193
M. S. Uddin, M. R. Huqe, and M. I. B.Chowdhury. “Analytical model of the internal quantum efficiency of non-uniformly and heavily doped silicon solar cells including non-ideal effects,” International Conference on Materials, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICMEIE 2015), University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, Jun.2015, Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330423418
M. R. Huqe and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Internal quantum efficiency of Si-drift solar cells with nonuniformly and heavily doped emitter,” 2016 4th International Conference on the Development in the in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2016, pp. 1-4, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDRET.2016.7421523
M. R. Huqe, H. M. Aziz, K. M. Kolince, M. S. Uddin and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Effect of Ge-dosing profile of exponentially-doped base on the internal quantum efficiency of a SiGe solar cell,” 2012 International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS), Coimbatore, India, 2012, pp. 119-123, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSyst.2012.6188686
M. J. Islam, M. M. Hasan, R. Sami and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Modeling of graphene/SiO2/Si(n) based metal-insulator-semiconductor solar cells,” 2016 4th International Conference on the Development in the Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2016, pp. 1-4, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDRET.2016.7421491
M. M. Rahman, M. M. Haque, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Current-voltage characteristics of hydrogenated a: Si thin film solar cells: An analytical approach,” International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE-2012), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, pp. 5-8, Jan. 21-24, 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330423383
M. Ali et al. “Current-voltage characteristics of amorphous-Si based plasmonic solar cells with photonic crystal back reflectors,” ISTP Journal of Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISTP-JREEE), Special Issue on 1st International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering & Management (IOCRSEM 2014), pp. 63-66, 2014, Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330117338
M. M. Haque, M. M. Rahman, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Current-voltage characteristics of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells: An analytical approach,” 2014 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET 2014), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 1-4, May 29-31, 2014. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDRET.2014.6861729
P. Biswas, A. S. Hasan, A. B. Rahim, A. Ullah and I. B. Chowdhury, “Analytical approach of J-V characteristics of CdTe based thin film solar cells including voltage and space-dependent electric field in the absorber layer,” 2015 2nd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technologies (EICT), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2015, pp. 446-450, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/EICT.2015.7391994
S. A. Rivon, P. Biswas, A. S. Hasan, A. Been Rahim and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Analytical modelling of Cds/CdTe based thin film solar cells considering surface recombination,” 2016 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2016, pp. 1-5, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEEICT.2016.7873135
M. M. Romel, H. R. Khan, N. S. Shommo and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Analytical modeling of internal quantum efficiency of CIGS solar cell,” International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE-2012), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, pp. 9-12, Jan. 21-24, 2013. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330423311
M. M. Haque, M. M. Rahman, and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Current-voltage characteristics of CdS/CIGS thin film solar cells: An analytical approach,” 2014 1st International Conference on Non-Conventional Energy (ICONCE 2014), Kalyani, India, 2014, pp. 24-27, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONCE.2014.6808695
A. B. Rahim, A. S. Hasan, P. Biswas, A. Ullah and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Analytical modeling of J-V characteristics of CIGS based thin film solar cell considering voltage and space-dependent electric field in the absorber layer,” 2015 International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2015, pp. 368-371, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAEE.2015.7506871
Ayesha, Kulsum, S. K. Silvi and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Modeling of J-V characteristics of CZTS based thin film solar cells including voltage and space-dependent electric field in the absorber layer,” 2016 4th International Conference on the Development in the in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2016, pp. 1-4, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDRET.2016.7421486
K. N. Nikita, M. A. Gaffar and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Exploring the opportunity of using graphene as the transparent conducting layer in CZTS-based thin film solar cells,” 2016 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2016, pp. 1-6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEEICT.2016.7873130
M. M. Hasan and M. I. B. Chowdhury, “Modelling and analysis of CdS/CZTSSe based thin film solar cell,” Journal of Modeling and Optimization, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 88-93, Dec. 2018. https://xpublication.com/index.php/jmo/article/view/220
N. Rashmi, G. Begum, and V. Singh, “ECG denoising using wavelet transform and filters,” 2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India, 2017, pp. 2395-2400, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WiSPNET.2017.8300189
E. Ebrahimzadeh et al., “ECG signals noise removal: Selection and optimization of the best adaptive filtering algorithm based on various algorithms comparison,” Biomedical Engineering Applications Basis and Communications, vol. 27, no. 04, p. 1550038, Jul. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.4015/S1016237215500386
S. Luo and P. Johnston, “A review of electrocardiogram filtering,” Journal of Electrocardiology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 486–496, Sep. 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2010.07.007.
E. Mejía-Mejía and P. A. Kyriacou, “Effects of noise and filtering strategies on the extraction of pulse rate variability from photoplethysmograms,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 80, p. 104291, Feb. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104291
