Environmental Challenges in the Transport Sector: Issues, Impacts, and Strategies for Sustainable Mobility in India

Abstract

The transport sector plays a vital role in economic growth and social development; however, it is also a significant contributor to environmental degradation worldwide. In India, rapid urbanization, population growth, and increasing vehicle ownership have intensified environmental concerns such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel dependence, and rising energy consumption. This study examines the key environmental challenges associated with the transport sector, with special reference to the Indian context. It reviews recent emission trends, health impacts resulting from deteriorating air quality, and land-use changes driven by expanding transport infrastructure. The study further explores sustainable mitigation strategies, including vehicle electrification, stricter fuel efficiency standards, promotion of public and non-motorized transport, and the integration of intelligent transport systems. A scenario-based assessment indicates that, under ambitious and well-implemented policies, India could reduce transport-sector CO₂ emissions by up to 71% by 2050 compared to business-as-usual projections. The study concludes by discussing implementation barriers and providing policy recommendations to support a transition toward sustainable and low-carbon mobility in India.