Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Fuel Storage Methods and Associated Thermal Issues for Clean Fuel Utilization

Abstract

Hydrogen is widely recognized as a promising clean energy carrier due to its high gravimetric energy density and zero carbon emissions upon use. Its integration into energy systems could play a pivotal role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in sectors such as transportation and heavy industry. However, hydrogen’s physical properties, such as low volumetric energy density and high flammability, pose significant challenges in storage and handling. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art hydrogen storage technologies, focusing on compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, and solid-state storage methods. Special attention is given to the thermal challenges associated with each storage technique, including heat management during compression, liquefaction, and absorption/desorption processes. A comparative analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of each technology. Finally, future research directions aimed at overcoming current limitations and enhancing the efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness of hydrogen storage systems are discussed.