Dual-Battery Switching Power Management System for an Electric Vehicle
Keywords:
18650 Li-ion batteries, Arduino Uno, Bluetooth module, Current, DC motors, LCD, Motor driver, Power supply, Relay, Temperature sensors, VoltageAbstract
Dual-battery switching power management system for electric vehicles (EVs) introduces an advanced energy management solution designed to optimize efficiency, extend range, and ensure safety through a dual-battery architecture with automated switching and comprehensive monitoring. The system employs two sets of 18650 lithium batteries: one set, integrated with a motor-generator at the front wheels, stores, while the other powers the rear wheels for propulsion. Core components include a motor driver for motor control, an Arduino Uno microcontroller for system oversight, motors for propulsion and energy generation, a Bluetooth module for remote monitoring, and a relay for automatic power source switching. Voltage and current sensors continuously monitor each battery set, while temperature sensors at both sets ensure thermal management. During operation, the rear battery drives the vehicle until its charge depletes, prompting the relay triggered by the Arduino Uno to switch to the front battery set. Safety features include an LCD warning and automatic power cutoff if battery temperatures exceed 100°C, halting vehicle operation or charging as needed. Additionally, the system disconnects the motor-generator supply if the front battery is fully charged or overheated, preventing overcharging and thermal runaway. This design enhances energy recovery, potentially achieving up to 70% efficiency in regenerative braking, and offers a robust, scalable framework for small-scale EVs, with applications in urban mobility and prototype development, balancing performance, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
References
F. Un-Noor, S. Padmanaban, L. Mihet-Popa, M. Mollah, and E. Hossain, “A comprehensive study of key electric vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 1217, Aug. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081217
C. Riczu, S. Habibi and J. Bauman, “Design and optimization of an electric vehicle with two battery cell chemistries,” 2018 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), Long Beach, CA, USA, 2018, pp. 506-512, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2018.8450156
P. Vishnu, R. Ajaykrishna and S. Thirumalini, “Cost effective energy solution with dual battery for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) in a public transportation system,” 2012 7th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Singapore, 2012, pp. 1555-1560, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEA.2012.6360971
S. F. Tie and C. W. Tan, “A review of energy sources and energy management systems in electric vehicles,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 20, pp. 82–102, Apr. 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.077
S. Chung and O. Trescases, “Hybrid energy storage system with active power-mix control in a dual-chemistry battery pack for light electric vehicles,” in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 600-617, Sept. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2017.2710628
Y. Wang and Z. Chen, “A framework for state-of-charge and remaining discharge time prediction using unscented particle filter,” Applied Energy, vol. 260, p. 114324, Feb. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114324
W. Wang, J. Wang, J. Tian, J. Lu, and R. Xiong, “Application of digital twin in smart battery management systems,” Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 34, no. 1, Jun. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-021-00577-0
L. Merkle, A. S. Segura, J. Torben Grummel, and M. Lienkamp, “Architecture of a digital twin for enabling digital services for battery systems,” 2019 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Cyber Physical Systems (ICPS), Taipei, Taiwan, 2019, pp. 155-160, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPHYS.2019.8780347
V. Etacheri, R. Marom, R. Elazari, G. Salitra, and D. Aurbach, “Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: A review,” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 4, no. 9, p. 3243, 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01598b
H. Tang, Y. Wu, Y. Cai, F. Wang, Z. Lin, and Y. Pei, “Design of power lithium battery management system based on digital twin,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 47, p. 103679, Mar. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103679
