Battery Management System and Fire Protection in EVs
https://doi.org/10.46610/JCSC.2025.v01i03.003
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46610/JCSC.2025.v01i03.003Keywords:
Battery Management System (BMS), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Estimation of thermal runaway, Fire protection mechanism, Lithium-ion batteries, State of Charge (SoC)Abstract
The increasing adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has heightened the importance of reliable battery systems that guarantee both performance and safety. Lithium-ion batteries, while widely favored for their high energy density and compactness, face several critical challenges, such as cell imbalance, inaccurate State of Charge (SOC) estimation, and fire risks caused by thermal runaway. To address these concerns, this research presents the design and implementation of an integrated Battery Management System (BMS) with fire protection mechanisms, specifically aimed at improving the efficiency, safety, and reliability of EV battery packs. The system incorporates an STM32 microcontroller as the central controller, coupled with voltage and current sensors, and a DHT11 temperature sensor to provide real-time monitoring of key parameters. SOC estimation, charge–discharge regulation, and thermal management algorithms are combined with early fire detection and suppression strategies, including buzzer alerts and relay-based circuit cutoffs. Analytical modeling, computational simulation, and experimental testing were employed to validate the system's functionality and performance.
The results demonstrate that the proposed system ensures accurate SOC estimation, efficient cell balancing, and effective regulation of thermal conditions, even under stress testing. The integrated fire protection mechanism responded reliably by detecting abnormal temperature rises and triggering rapid intervention protocols, thus preventing thermal runaway and reducing potential fire hazards. In addition to improving safety, the framework extends the operational lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, thereby contributing to more sustainable EV technology. This work establishes a foundation for safer energy storage in transportation, while future developments could include AI-driven predictive fault detection, IoT-based remote monitoring, and advanced fire suppression modules for next-generation electric vehicles.
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