Journal of Control Systems and Converters

Low Power Application-based Flip-Flop for Static High Frequency for Hybrid Topology

2026-03-31T10:35:47+00:00

Flip-Flops (FFs) are fundamental storage components that are widely employed in digital system designs that include several FF-rich modules, including register files, shift registers, and FIFOs, as well as intensive pipelining techniques. The FFs are utilised in typical digital system architecture and the power consumption of clock distribution networks. In order to achieve ultralow power consumption, this project suggests a true single-phase clocking FF circuit with just 19 transistors. The design has a hybrid logic architecture that integrates static-CMOS logic with complementary pass-transistor logic, and it adheres to a master-slave logic structure. In order to attain optimal power and delay performance, fewer transistors are used in the design through the use of a logic structure reduction approach. In order to prevent leakage power consumption, during operation, no internal nodes are left floating, despite the circuit's simplicity. To improve time performance, this design makes use of a virtual VDD design technique, which enables a quicker state shift in the slave latch. Transistor sizes are optimised in circuit implementation based on the power delay product (PDP).

Hybrid Electric Bicycle with Motor Control and Solar Charger with Regeneration

2026-03-16T11:59:08+00:00

The increasing demand for clean and energy-efficient transportation has led to the development of light electric mobility solutions such as electric bicycles. This study presents the design and implementation of a hybrid electric bicycle incorporating motor control, solar charging, and energy regeneration to enhance efficiency and sustainability. The propulsion system employs a 24 V DC geared motor controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller, which provides Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) based speed control and real-time monitoring of system parameters. A photovoltaic panel integrated with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller enables auxiliary battery charging using renewable solar energy. Energy regeneration is achieved by operating the motor in generator mode during deceleration, allowing partial recovery of kinetic energy and improving battery efficiency. Experimental testing demonstrates stable motor performance, smooth speed control, and reliable operation under real-world conditions. The system achieves a cruising speed suitable for urban commuting and an extended travel range due to the combined effects of solar charging and regeneration. The proposed hybrid electric bicycle offers an environmentally friendly, low-cost transportation alternative with reduced reliance on fossil fuels and grid electricity. This study confirms the feasibility of integrating renewable energy and intelligent motor control in personal mobility applications.

Smart Voice-controlled Medicine Reminder Box

2026-01-23T08:19:43+00:00

The voice-controlled Medicine Reminder Box is a compact and portable system designed to help people take their medicines on time, especially elderly users and patients who rely on regular medication. The device is built using an ESP32 microcontroller, which is programmed to manage the reminder timings and trigger alerts at set intervals. When it is time to take medicine, the system plays a clear voice alert through a DF Player Mini and speaker, while LEDs provide a bright visual indication to ensure the alert is noticed easily. A touch sensor is included so users can simply tap to acknowledge or stop the reminder, making the system easy to operate even for individuals with limited technical skills. The device runs on a rechargeable battery and uses a TP4056 charging module along with a boost converter to provide a stable 5V power supply, ensuring reliable and uninterrupted operation. Being low-cost, lightweight, and portable, it can be conveniently used in daily life without dependency on constant external power. By offering timely reminders, simple interaction, and dependable performance, the voice-controlled Medicine Reminder Box helps improve medication adherence, reduce the chances of missed doses, and support healthier and safer medication habits for users who depend on regular treatment.

Design and Performance Analysis of a High-Efficiency Solar Inverter using MPPT Techniques

2026-03-28T11:29:29+00:00

The increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy has intensified the development of high-efficiency solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, the performance of PV systems is highly affected by variations in solar irradiance and temperature, which cause the operating point of the PV array to deviate from its maximum power condition. To overcome this limitation, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are employed to ensure optimal power extraction under changing environmental conditions. This paper presents an overview of high-efficiency solar inverter systems integrated with advanced MPPT techniques. The MPPT controller continuously adjusts the operating voltage and current of the PV system to achieve maximum power output, while the inverter efficiently converts the extracted DC power into usable AC power with minimal losses. Common MPPT methods such as Perturb and Observe and Incremental Conductance are discussed, along with intelligent techniques including fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks that improve tracking accuracy and dynamic response. The integration of MPPT with high-efficiency inverter topologies enhances overall system efficiency, reduces harmonic distortion, improves voltage regulation, and ensures stable output power. Such systems are suitable for both standalone and grid-connected applications. The study highlights the importance of efficient power conversion and intelligent control strategies in achieving reliable, cost-effective, and sustainable solar energy systems.

Efficient Li-ion Battery Charging: Mitigating Temperature Rise for Longer Cycle Life

2026-03-16T11:43:23+00:00

Currently, electric vehicles and portable electronics are rapidly growing technologies in the automobile industry. The demand for lithium-ion batteries, which can charge quickly, safely, and efficiently, is high due to the fast growth in EVs and portable electronics. However, the long charging time and thermal management during fast charging lead to major issues. The Constant-Current–Constant-Voltage (CC-CV) method is most commonly used, with certain issues like overheating, creating uneven current flow, and damaging the battery. To overcome these challenges, this study presents an adaptive charging strategy that integrates the unused battery capacity charging scheme with A Fuzzy Temperature-Rise Control (FTC) mechanism. The system continuously monitors the battery’s unused state of charge and temperature. Based on the unused charge, the charging current is gradually reduced as the battery approaches full capacity to avoid overcharging. At the same time, a fuzzy logic-based temperature control adjusts the charging current according to the temperature rise and its rate of change to prevent overheating. By combining both controls, the system provides a safe and automatically regulated charging current. This study presents the MATLAB simulation of a charging and discharging system used in a lithium-ion battery with a DC source and a Simulink model of the battery when connected to a resistive load. The obtained simulation results have been presented and discussed in this study.