Microcontroller-based Fault Detection and Localization in Underground Transmission Lines
Keywords:
Arduino UNO, Fault, LCD, Microcontroller 8051, Reliability, Underground transmission lineAbstract
Cable fault localization is crucial for power transmission, distribution, communication systems, and vehicles. Reliable fault detection in underground power cables is essential for ensuring the continuity, safety, and operational efficiency of modern power distribution systems. This study proposes a microcontroller-based technique for precise fault localization using the Arduino Uno platform. The system estimates the distance to a fault by applying Ohm’s law, exploiting the proportional relationship between cable impedance and length. Variations in voltage caused by fault conditions are sensed and processed to determine the exact fault position in kilometres. The proposed method employs a regulated low DC test signal injected from the feeder end of the cable. When a fault occurs, the resulting change in current modifies the voltage distribution across a calibrated series resistor network that represents discrete cable segments. These analog voltage variations are captured by the Arduino Uno’s 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and converted into digital signals for computational analysis. A mapping algorithm correlates the measured electrical parameters with the corresponding cable length, enabling accurate and real-time fault distance estimation. For experimental validation, a scalable resistor ladder model is developed to simulate underground cable sections, while switches positioned at predefined intervals emulate various fault scenarios, including short-circuit conditions. The detected fault distance and affected phase are displayed locally on an interfaced liquid crystal display (LCD). Additionally, a GSM communication module is integrated to transmit automated fault notifications via short message service (SMS) to authorized personnel, thereby supporting remote monitoring and faster response times. The proposed system provides a cost-effective, scalable, and efficient solution for underground cable fault detection. Its implementation can significantly reduce fault identification time, minimize service interruptions, and improve maintenance strategies in contemporary power transmission and distribution networks.
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