Joint Optimization of Phase Shift and Power Allocation for a V2X 6G System Assisted by RIS
Keywords:
Line of Sight (LOS), Power allocation, Terahertz (THz), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), V2X 6G systemAbstract
Continuous increase of traffic density leads to vehicular communication complexity, leading to interference, together with high energy consumption. In this context, we adopt a 6G Terahertz (THz) spectrum for Vehicular to Everything (V2X) communication with the help of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) to mitigate the problems related to blockage in urban areas. In particular, obstacles on roads lead to a drop, which is a threat to human safety. In this context, we adopt RIS, ensuring dynamic directivity of the transmission link in order to build virtual Line of Sight (LOS) links. Following the non-convexity of the stated optimization problem, we consider Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy exploitation for problem solving related to RIS phase shift joint with transmitted power allocation in order to determine the optimal policy for data rate maximization in the new stated scenario of V2X RIS 6G. Simulation results have shown the efficiency of RIS for the V2X 6G system improvement.
References
J. C. Liang, L. Zhang, Z. Luo, R. Z. Jiang, Z. W. Cheng, S. R. Wang, M. K. Sun, S. Jin, Q. Cheng, and T. J. Cui,” A filtering reconfigurable intelligent surface for interference-free wireless communications,” Nat. Commun., vol. 15, p. 3838, 2024. Available: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47865-6
Z. Li, S. Wang, Q. Lin, Y. Li, M. Wen, Y.-C. Wu, and H. V. Poor, “Phase shift design in RIS empowered wireless networks: From optimization to AI-based methods,” Network, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 398-418, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/network2030025
F. Naaz, A. Nauman, T. Khurshaid, and S. W. Kim, “Empowering the vehicular network with RIS technology: A state-of-the-art review,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 2, p. 337, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020337
X. Shen, L. Gu, J. Yang, and S. Shen, “Energy efficiency optimization for UAV RIS assisted wireless powered communication networks,” Drones, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 344, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9050344
E. Shi, J. Zhang, H. Du, B. Ai, C. Yuen, D. Niyato, K. B. Letaief, and X. Shen, “RIS aided cell-free massive MIMO systems for 6G: Fundamentals, system design, and applications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 12, pp. 1-24, 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00263
E. Shi, J. Zhang, H. Du, B. Ai, C. Yuen, D. Niyato, K. B. Letaief, and X. Shen, “RIS aided cell-free massive MIMO systems for 6G: Fundamentals, system design, and applications,” in Proc. IEEE, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 331-364, April 2024, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10556753
Z. Chen, G. Chen, X. Y. Zhang, J. Tang, S. Jin, K. K. Wong, and J. Chambers, “Joint power allocation and phase shifts design for distributed RIS-assisted multiuser systems,” IEEE Trans. On. Mob. Comp. vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 11808-11819, Nov. 2025. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/11049046
D. Wang, A. Qiu, Q. Zhou, and H. D. Schotten, “A survey on the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in 6G V2X applications,” arXiv, 2025. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09512
A. Annu and P. Rajalakshmi, “Towards 6G V2X sidelink: Survey of resource allocation—Mathematical formulations, challenges, and proposed solutions,” IEEE Open J. Veh. Technol., vol. 5, pp. 344-383, 2024, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10443065
A. V. Parambath, J. Flordelis, C. Madapatha, F. Rusek, E. Bengtsson and T. Svensson, “Integrating reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) into indoor D-MIMO networks for 6G,” 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall), Washington, DC, USA, 2024, pp. 1-6, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10757793
M. Rihan, A. Zappone, S. Buzzi, et al., "Energy efficiency maximization for active RIS-aided integrated sensing and communication," J. Wireless Com. Network, vol. 2024, no. 20, 2024. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13638-024-02346-8
R. K. Fotock, A. Zappone, and M. Di Renzo, "Energy Efficiency in RIS-Aided Wireless Networks: Active or Passive RIS?," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), Rome, Italy, 2023, pp. 2704-2709. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10279284
D. Wang, A. Qiu, Q. Zhou, and H. D. Schotten, “A survey on the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in 6G V2X applications,” arXiv, 2025. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09512
F. Marzuk, A. Vejar, and P. Chołda, “Deep reinforcement learning for energy efficient 6G V2X networks,” Electronics, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1148, 2025, Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061148
W. Feng, J. Tang, Q. Wu, Y. Fu, X. Zhang, D. K. C. So, and K.-K. Wong, "Resource allocation for power minimization in RIS-assisted multi-UAV networks with NOMA,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 10, pp. 5724-5739, Oct. 2023, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10194943
H. Zhou, C. Hu, and X. Liu, “Surfaces aided 6G networks: From reinforcement learning to large language models,” in Proc. IEEE Future Netw. World Forum, 2024. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17439
A. Qayyum and M. Nekovee, “Power allocation and RIS elements optimisation for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces assisted RSMA,” arXiv, 2025. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17419
F. A. P. de Figueiredo, “Unlocking the power of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: From wireless communication to energy efficiency and beyond,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 21, p. 11750, 2023, Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111750
X. Hu, Y. Tian, Z. Li, X. Wang, B. Xiao, Y. H. Kho, and W. Li, "A novel spatio-temporal rate splitting-based power allocation optimization strategy for RIS-assisted 6G MU MISO communication systems," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., early access, 2025, Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/11113353