Adaptive Agency of Refugees and Forcibly Displaced Persons Facing Climate Shocks in Northern Uganda

Abstract

Northern Uganda faced repeated climate challenges, especially droughts, floods, and irregular rainfall. These events worsened the hardships of refugees and forcibly displaced persons (FDPs) by disrupting their livelihoods, putting pressure on limited natural resources, and increasing competition for land and water in settlements and host communities. This study investigated how refugees and FDPs responded to climate pressures by taking action, challenging the view of displaced populations as simply passive recipients of aid. A qualitative thematic analysis of secondary sources, such as peer-reviewed articles, policy reports, humanitarian databases, and environmental studies, uncovered important patterns of resilience in daily practices. The findings highlighted three interconnected adaptive strategies: diversifying livelihoods through small-scale agriculture, informal trade, and other income-generating activities; creating community-based solidarity networks for mutual support, problem-solving, and resource sharing; and adopting environmentally friendly practices such as tree planting, soil conservation, and water-harvesting techniques. These strategies served as both coping mechanisms and proactive ways to rebuild livelihoods, enhance social ties, and lower vulnerability to climate risks. The study delineated adaptive agency as a dynamic process that depends on the specific context, influenced by environmental uncertainty, social relationships, and institutional limitations. It provided valuable insights for the development of humanitarian and climate policies in areas affected by displacement.