Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Building Science: A Conceptual Evaluation of Khona’s Maxim for Passive Design

Abstract

The growing interest in building design that is sustainable, energy-efficient, and health-promoting has led to a greater focus on passive environmental strategies and on optimizing Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Traditional knowledge systems, which are rooted in climate-responsive design principles, are not fully integrated into contemporary research in the field of architecture, whereas advanced simulation tools and technological interventions are being used to improve building performance. This paper discusses a traditional saying by Khona and its applicability in the context of modern building science and sustainable design. A mixed-methods approach is used, combining qualitative literature review with comparative conceptual modelling to evaluate the impact of orientation-based design on important performance metrics such as daylight availability, natural ventilation, thermal comfort, and energy consumption. The results show that the spatial logic found in Khona's maxim, namely the focus on the sun's rays to the east and the direction of airflow, indicates a high conceptual correlation with the principles of passive design. The outcomes indicate that such orientation strategies can help to improve visual and thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and reduce dependence on artificial lighting and mechanical cooling. This study is conceptual and does not involve quantitative simulation, but it demonstrates the possibilities of using indigenous environmental knowledge as a useful and easily accessible source for sustainable architectural design. This study helps to integrate the traditional knowledge of the people with scientific approaches for designing the built environment for health and energy efficiency, more contextually and holistically.