Protein-Based Nanocarriers for Targeted Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Cancer continues to be a major global health concern, creating a need for targeted and efficient drug delivery systems that improve treatment outcomes while reducing side effects. Nanoparticles are increasingly being used for various applications, especially in delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Numerous nanoparticle-based drug delivery approaches have been developed to treat cancer, and a wide range of materials have been tested to enhance the safety and effectiveness of anticancer drugs. Proteins and other natural biomolecules are considered better alternatives to synthetic polymers commonly used in drug formulations due to their safety and compatibility. In recent years, protein-based nanoparticles have gained attention as effective drug delivery carriers in cancer therapy because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to specifically target tumor cells. This review discusses the design, preparation, and evaluation of different protein-based nanostructures, such as albumin nanoparticles, lipoprotein carriers, ferritin nanocages, and virus-like particles. It also highlights the challenges and potential toxicity issues related to these nanocarriers and suggests possible solutions. Finally, the review summarizes current applications and prospects of protein nanoparticles in cancer treatment, emphasizing their potential to improve therapy by making it safer and more effective.