A Comprehensive Review on Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer and the Role of Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent and fatal tumours that affects women worldwide. It is caused by a combination of environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors and involves the unchecked growth of cells in breast tissue. The epidemiology, underlying causes, diagnostic techniques, and current advancements in breast cancer treatment are all included in this review. Reducing death rates requires early diagnosis using screening methods, including mammography, ultrasonography, and biopsy. Personalised therapy options have been improved by the genomic classification of breast cancer into subtypes: triple-negative, HER2-enriched, luminal A, and luminal B. Risk variables such as age, family history, BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations, prolonged oestrogen exposure, and lifestyle choices are also thoroughly examined in this research. The treatment of breast cancer has been transformed by recent developments in immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and diagnostic biomarkers. Hormonal treatments such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors continue to be vital for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, while monoclonal antibodies like trastuzumab effectively target HER2-positive tumors. Depending on the stage of the disease, chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery remain key components of treatment. The review also highlights the significance of patient education, early detection, and preventive strategies, including lifestyle changes and genetic counseling. Although significant progress has been made, challenges remain in addressing metastatic and drug-resistant breast cancers. Current research in areas like nanomedicine, gene therapy, and immune system modulation shows promise for developing more effective and less harmful therapies. Public health efforts focused on education, screening, and ensuring timely access to treatment are essential to lessen the impact of the disease.