A Comprehensive Review of Monkeypox, tracing its evolution, current trends, and projected future directions to inform public health strategies and pandemic preparedness

Abstract

The Ortho poxvirus genus, which also includes smallpox and cowpox, is home to the zoonotic viruses known as Mpox viruses (previously known as monkeypox), which was once only found in Central and West Africa, has spread to non-endemic regions like North America and Europe, making it a serious global public health concern.

The virus primarily spreads by physical contact with infected people or animals, while there is a possibility of airborne transmission in certain circumstances. The typical clinical presentation of Mpox includes fever, lymphadenopathy, and a characteristic skin rash, though the illness can range in severity from mild to severe. Some groups, such as those with impaired immune systems, are particularly vulnerable to negative outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to provide a thorough analysis of the biology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches of Mpox. We'll look at recent outbreaks around the world, our growing knowledge of how the virus spreads, and public health efforts to stop it.

The applicability of contemporary antiviral and vaccine substitutes for both prevention and treatment is also covered in the review. Reducing future public health risks requires an understanding of the complexities of the Mpox virus development and outbreak management. By integrating the most recent scientific literature, this review helps to clarify the factors underlying the spread of Mpox and informs future research and policy decisions on its containment and eradication.

Clinical indicators for the initial diagnosis include fever, headache, and muscle pain, enlarged lymph nodes, and skin rashes in specific body parts. The most popular and reliable diagnostic techniques are laboratory tests such as real-time PCR (RT-PCR) or traditional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which are performed by following the clinical indicators.

Antiviral medications such as Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, and Tecovirimat are used to treat symptoms. Although there isn't a vaccine specifically for MPXV, the smallpox vaccines that are now on the market increase vaccination rates.

By evaluating wide issues and viewpoints about disease origin, transmission, epidemiology, severity, genomic organization and evolution, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention, this thorough study covers the history of MPX disease and the current level of knowledge.