Journal of Pharma and Drug Regulatory Affairs (e-ISSN:2582-3043)

The Intellectual Property Landscape of Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals: Patent Strategies, Evergreening, and Ethical Debate

Arvinder Kaur, Manpreet Singh — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

When pharmaceutical companies develop novel solid-state structures like co-crystals, the core active drug remains exactly the same. However, the medicine's shelf-life and how easily it dissolves can improve significantly. Multinational corporations frequently use these physical updates to secure secondary patents, which actively block cheaper generic medicines from reaching vulnerable patients. Global regulators handle this problem very differently. While the US and Europe still grant legal rights for simple structural changes, India relies on a strict law known as Section 3(d). Under this rule, a company must prove the new formulation actually improves therapeutic outcomes before winning a patent. Now, artificial intelligence is breaking these historical rules entirely. Because machine learning models can instantly predict these minor chemical shifts, the old legal defense that new drug shapes are "non-obvious" to invent is rapidly falling apart. To resolve this impending intellectual property crisis, this paper proposes a modernized three-part global framework. Regulators must adopt an efficacy-based patent standard worldwide, mandate strict transparency for AI use in laboratory research, and build faster legal pathways for generic drug challenges. Only by updating these rules can the system fairly reward true medical innovation while fiercely protecting global access to affordable care.

Comparative Review of Drug Master File Regulation in the US, Brazil and Malaysia

Kiran G. Jorvekar, Jay S. Wani, Sayali P. Nanaware — Wed, 12 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Drug Master File (DMF) is an important regulatory document that contains confidential information related to the manufacturing, processing, packaging, storage, and quality control of pharmaceutical products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). It supports regulatory submissions such as INDs, NDAs, ANDAs, and marketing authorization applications while protecting proprietary information. This review provides a comparative study of DMF regulations in the United States, Brazil, and Malaysia. In the United States, the FDA regulates DMFs under 21 CFR 314.420 with mandatory electronic submissions in eCTD format. Brazil follows the DIFA and CADIFA framework regulated by ANVISA under RDC 359/2020, focusing on API quality and CTD-based submissions. Malaysia, regulated by NPRA, follows ASEAN Common Technical Dossier (ACTD) guidelines and accepts DMF, CEP, and ACTD Part II-S submissions. The review compares regulatory requirements, submission procedures, documentation review timelines, lifecycle management, and electronic submission systems among these countries. It also highlights the increasing adoption of harmonized electronic submission formats and the importance of DMFs in achieving global pharmaceutical regulatory compliance and market authorization. A comparative chart developed in this study effectively illustrates these differences and similarities, serving as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical companies navigating the complexities of international drug approval. Ongoing dialogue and collaboration among regulatory authorities are essential for harmonizing DMF requirements, which will streamline processes and enhance global competitiveness. Understanding the DMF regulatory framework across these regions is crucial for manufacturers to manage submissions and maintain compliance while protecting proprietary information efficiently. Furthermore, advancements in electronic submission methods, such as the eCTD format, are set to enhance regulatory efficiency, ensuring the timely delivery of safe and effective pharmaceutical products to the market. This review ultimately underscores the critical role of DMFs in the pharmaceutical regulatory landscape, facilitating compliance and safeguarding sensitive information.

Ferroptosis Pharmacology: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets and Emerging Strategies for Precision Medicine

Pratap Veeresh Babu — Mon, 02 Nov 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Ferroptosis is a distinctive form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids, disruption of cellular redox homeostasis, and irreversible membrane injury. Unlike apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, ferroptosis is principally governed by the interplay between iron metabolism, lipid remodeling, reactive oxygen species generation, and endogenous antioxidant defense systems. The glutathione-dependent glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway represents a central ferroptosis-suppressive axis, whereas ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), and the GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1)-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathway constitute additional protective mechanisms. Pharmacological induction of ferroptosis has attracted substantial interest in oncology because malignant cells frequently exhibit increased iron requirements, altered lipid metabolism, elevated oxidative stress, and dependence on specific antioxidant systems. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis may be beneficial in pathological conditions in which excessive lipid peroxidation contributes to tissue injury, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and organ dysfunction. Several experimental ferroptosis inducers act through inhibition of system xc−, depletion of glutathione, direct inhibition or degradation of GPX4, perturbation of iron homeostasis, or enhancement of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis-targeting strategies are also being investigated in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Nevertheless, translation into clinical practice remains constrained by inadequate selectivity, pharmacokinetic limitations, tissue toxicity, biological heterogeneity, and the absence of universally accepted pharmacodynamic biomarkers. This review summarizes the pharmacological basis of ferroptosis, its molecular regulatory networks, major ferroptosis-inducing and ferroptosis-inhibiting strategies, therapeutic applications, current challenges, and future directions for the development of ferroptosis-directed pharmacotherapies.