Assessing Public Health Strategies for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Evaluating Genomic Alterations for Future Screening

Abstract

This study examines public health strategies for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and evaluates the role of genomic screening in facilitating early detection and intervention. HBOC, strongly associated with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, presents a critical public health challenge, as early identification of at-risk individuals can significantly reduce cancer incidence and mortality. The research investigates the effectiveness of current public health approaches, the predictive utility of genomic markers, and the ethical, social, and economic dimensions of implementing genomic screening on a broad scale. Utilizing data from 2013 to 2023, the study draws on sources including medical records, national cancer registries, public health reports, and genomic screening datasets. Quantitative analysis reveals stark regional disparities in HBOC management strategies. Western nations, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, exhibit higher genomic screening rates and better integration of genetic testing into routine healthcare practices. These achievements are attributed to advanced healthcare systems, comprehensive genetic counseling programs, and sustained investments in public awareness. Conversely, South Asian countries, including India and Bangladesh, face significant barriers, such as limited access to genomic tools, lower public awareness, and sociocultural stigmas surrounding hereditary cancer. Despite these challenges, Bangladesh has demonstrated marked progress in recent years, achieving improved early detection and outcome rates through targeted public health interventions. The study emphasizes the critical role of genomic screening in identifying individuals with BRCA mutations, enabling personalized prevention strategies such as risk-reducing surgeries, targeted therapies, and lifestyle modifications. Ethical considerations, including issues of informed consent, data privacy, and potential psychological impacts, are thoroughly examined. These factors are particularly pertinent in resource-limited settings, where healthcare infrastructure may be insufficient to provide comprehensive genetic counseling or safeguard patient data. Economic implications also feature prominently, as the cost of genomic screening remains a significant barrier to widespread adoption. Balancing cost-effectiveness with equitable access is a pressing concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Considering these findings, the study offers several policy recommendations to integrate genomic screening into global public health frameworks. These include increasing funding for genetic counseling services, establishing standardized screening protocols, and creating culturally sensitive educational campaigns to address stigma and misconceptions. International collaborations are highlighted to share resources, expertise, and best practices, particularly for countries with limited healthcare capacities. Technology-driven solutions, such as telemedicine and digital health tools, are proposed to expand the reach of genomic services and bridge existing gaps in care delivery. Ultimately, the research advocates adopting genomic screening as a cornerstone of modern public health strategies for hereditary cancers. By prioritizing equity, addressing ethical concerns, and investing in scalable solutions, genomic screening can significantly reduce the global burden of HBOC. Integrating these tools into healthcare systems worldwide can transform patient outcomes, foster innovation, and establish a new standard for cancer prevention and early detection.