Bidirectional Associations between Sleep Quality and Depressive Symptoms in Young Adults: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Panel Study

Abstract

This investigation examines the bidirectional associations between sleep patterns and depressive symptoms using a longitudinal cross-lagged panel model (CLPM). A cohort of 450 young adults (aged 18–25 years) was assessed at three time points over 12 months. Sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms frequently co-occur among young adults, yet their temporal directionality remains questionable. Nighttime rest quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Structural equation modeling was employed to test reciprocal relationships. Results revealed significant bidirectional effects: poor sleep quality predicted increased depressive symptoms at subsequent time points, while higher depressive symptoms also predicted worsening sleep quality over time. These investigations support a bidirectional, synergistic relationship between sleep disturbances and emotional slump. Interventions targeting sleep quality may help reduce depressive symptoms and vice versa.