International Journal of Modern Pharmacy and Life Sciences

Nanoemulsion Systems: Advances in preparation Techniques and Biomedical Applications

2025-08-02T08:51:55+00:00

Nanoemulsions of extremely small liquid droplets, generally measuring between 20 and 200 nanometers, and maintain their uniformity over time without separating. Owing to their distinct structural traits, such as expansive interface exposure and excellent light-transmission capability, they demonstrate remarkable performance. They are used in medication transport systems to improve the effectiveness of drugs that do not dissolve well in water. It consists of three main elements: a lipid-based component, a water-based component, and surface-active agents, which often include co-stabilizers. These include energy-intensive techniques like pressure-based homogenization and sound wave treatment, as well as energy-efficient approaches such as phase transition methods and self-emulsifying processes. The choice of method significantly influences the final droplet size, stability, and scalability of the formulation. Despite their numerous advantages, nanoemulsions also present certain limitations, including potential toxicity of surfactants, thermodynamic instability, and high production costs associated with some preparation techniques.

Furthermore, factors such as surfactant concentration, oil type, temperature, pH, and ionic strength influence the structural stability and functional efficiency of nano emulsions in terms of applications. Nanoemulsions are extensively utilized for controlled and sustained release in pharmaceuticals, enhanced penetration in topical formulations, and improved flavor and nutrient delivery in food products. In agriculture, they serve as efficient carriers for pesticides and herbicides, promoting sustainable farming practices.

Milk as Medicine: Unlocking the Hidden Pharmacome of Lactation Biology

2025-11-19T09:56:23+00:00

Human breast milk is increasingly being understood not only as an ideal source of infant nourishment but also as a dynamic biological system rich in pharmacologically active molecules. The concept of “milk as medicine” reflects its intricate pharmacome—an interconnected network of bioactive peptides, immune modulators, lipids, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, and stem cells that exhibit therapeutic properties far beyond basic nutrition. Proteins such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, and α-lactalbumin demonstrate powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, while human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape the gut microbiome and protect against pathogens. Growing evidence also highlights the regenerative and immunomodulatory effects of milk-derived exosomes and stem cells, suggesting significant promise for tissue repair and chronic disease management. In recent years, research has extended beyond neonatal benefits and explored the therapeutic potential of breast milk constituents in adult health, including liver regeneration, wound healing, metabolic balance, and immune modulation. Milk-derived peptides have shown notable antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antitumor effects. As the field of lactation pharmacology continues to expand, these findings point toward new possibilities for developing nutraceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, and regenerative therapies. This review synthesises current evidence to decode the pharmacome of human lactation biology and explore how its molecular diversity could be translated into innovative therapeutic strategies. Understanding breast milk as a biomedical resource offers a new frontier in preventive and regenerative medicine.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Roll-On for Dark Underarms

2025-12-08T09:39:38+00:00

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a natural herbal roll-on designed for safe, effective, and eco-friendly skincare. The formulation was prepared using beetroot powder, aloe vera gel, honey, lemon juice, glycerine, propylene glycol, rose water, ethanol, and sodium benzoate. These ingredients were selected for their antioxidant, moisturizing, brightening, and soothing properties. The roll-on was formulated by blending the aqueous and alcoholic phases under continuous stirring until a homogeneous pinkish solution was obtained and then filled into sterilized roll-on bottles. The prepared formulation was evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, density, specific gravity, and solubility behaviour. The results indicated that the product was stable, skin-friendly (pH 5.8), and had a density of approximately 1.00 g/ml. The formulation showed good solubility in water and partial solubility in ethanol, while instability was observed in acidic and alkaline media. The study demonstrates that herbal roll-on formulations can serve as a promising alternative to synthetic cosmetic products, offering natural skin benefits with reduced side effects.

Cannabis Use and Criminal Behavioural Tendencies Among Young Population Age Group in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

2025-12-22T06:47:54+00:00

Cannabis is the most-commonly used illicit drug worldwide and a significant public health concern in Nigeria, especially among youths. This study investigates the prevalence of cannabis use and its association with criminal behavioural tendencies among young people aged 15-35 years, in Maiduguri, Borno State. The study is situated in Maiduguri, a city that has experienced prolonged armed conflict, mass displacement, unemployment, and social instability, all of which may increase vulnerability to substance use among young people. Youths in this context often face limited educational and economic opportunities, psychological distress, and weakened social support systems. These conditions can contribute to both increased cannabis consumption and engagement in risky or antisocial behaviours. A cross-sectional survey of 400 respondents, supplemented by key informant interviews, was conducted. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, patterns of cannabis use, and involvement in criminal or violent activities. The inclusion of key informants provided additional contextual insights into youth behaviour, drug availability, and community-level dynamics influencing substance use. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical techniques to examine prevalence rates and associations between variables. Findings revealed a cannabis use prevalence of 37.5%, with higher use among unemployed and displaced youths. Logistic regression indicated that cannabis use was significantly associated with theft (OR=2.8, p<0.01), violent behaviour (OR=3.1, p<0.01), and gang involvement (OR=2.4, p<0.05). The study concludes that cannabis use exacerbates criminal tendencies in conflict-affected regions and recommends integrated drug prevention, youth empowerment, and mental health programmes.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) as a Biomarker for Diagnosing Adrenal Insufficiency: A Comprehensive Review

2025-12-22T07:01:17+00:00

Background: Adrenal insufficiency represents a serious hormonal disorder that can become life-threatening, yet its vague symptoms often make it difficult to diagnose promptly. Current diagnostic methods face significant limitations due to biological variation, daily hormonal rhythms, and practical barriers.

Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 100 consecutive patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. Morning fasting blood samples were collected for baseline cortisol, ACTH, and DHEAS measurements. Adrenal insufficiency was confirmed using standard-dose ACTH stimulation testing. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and AUROC for each biomarker at established cutoff values.

Results: Of 100 patients evaluated, 15 (15%) were diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency—10 with secondary and 5 with primary hypoadrenalism. Baseline cortisol demonstrated 96% sensitivity but only 30-40% specificity at a cutoff of <10 μg/dL (AUROC 0.81). DHEAS showed 90–92% sensitivity with a superior specificity of 43-46% at <100 μg/dL (AUROC 0.81). Risk stratification revealed that patients with cortisol ≥10 μg/dL or cortisol 5-9.9 μg/dL plus DHEAS ≥60 μg/dL had very low diagnosis rates (1.2–1.3%), while combined cortisol <5 μg/dL and DHEAS <25 μg/dL identified high-risk patients with a 72.2% diagnosis rate.

Conclusions: DHEAS demonstrates superior specificity compared to cortisol while maintaining comparable sensitivity and discriminatory power. Combined biomarker assessment enables efficient risk stratification, identifying patients requiring dynamic testing while avoiding unnecessary procedures in low-risk individuals. Integrating DHEAS into diagnostic algorithms enhances early detection and optimizes resource utilization in evaluating suspected adrenal insufficiency.