Epidemiology of Dog Bites: Global and Indian Trends with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu – A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Dog bites constitute a major public health problem globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as India. They are associated with physical injury, psychological trauma, and the risk of rabies, a fatal yet preventable disease. India contributes a substantial share of the global dog bite and rabies burden, with southern states like Tamil Nadu reporting consistently high incidence.

Objective: To systematically review the epidemiology of dog bites, identify temporal trends, and summarise preventive strategies globally and in India, with special reference to Tamil Nadu.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for studies published up to 2025. Keywords included “dog bite,” “rabies,” “epidemiology,” “trends,” and “prevention.” Studies reporting incidence, prevalence, trends, or preventive interventions related to dog bites were included.

Results: Dog bites account for the majority of animal bite injuries worldwide. Children and males are the most affected groups. In India, dogs are responsible for more than three-fourths of reported animal bites. Tamil Nadu consistently reports a high number of dog bite cases, reflecting dense human-dog interactions in urban and semi-urban areas. Preventive strategies such as mass dog vaccination, public awareness, and timely post-exposure prophylaxis significantly reduce rabies risk.

Conclusion: Dog bites remain a persistent public health challenge. Integrated prevention strategies using a One Health approach are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-burden regions like Tamil Nadu.