Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Mechanisms of Action, Human Health Risks, and Global Mitigation Strategies – A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic or natural substances that interfere with the endocrine system by mimicking, blocking, or altering hormonal signals. Widely found in plastics, cosmetics, pesticides, and industrial waste, these chemicals pose significant threats to both human and environmental health. Exposure to EDCs has been related to a broad spectrum of health outcomes, including reproductive disorders, developmental and growth abnormalities, metabolic dysfunctions, hormone-related cancers, thyroid disruptions, and neurological impairments. Vulnerable populations, such as antenatal mothers, infants, and adolescents, are particularly at risk during critical developmental windows. EDC exposure may also result in multigenerational effects through epigenetic changes. Despite growing scientific evidence on the dangers of EDCs, exposure remains prevalent due to widespread industrial use and insufficient regulation. Preventive strategies including safer consumer choices, improved product labelling, public education, green chemistry alternatives, and stronger regulatory frameworks are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of EDCs and protect future generations.