A Golden Ratio-inspired DGS Multiband Ring Antenna for Next-Generation Wireless Networks
Keywords:
Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Gain enhancement; Golden ratio, Multiband antenna, Rectangular ring antenna, VSWRAbstract
Compact multiband antennas with improved gain are a critical requirement for emerging wireless communication systems operating in the L- and S-band frequency ranges. In this work, a low-profile rectangular microstrip ring antenna is proposed by integrating a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) with a Golden Ratio (GR)-based geometric modification to realize multiband behavior and radiation enhancement. The antenna is excited using a quarter-wavelength microstrip feed and implemented on an FR4 dielectric substrate. Two antenna configurations are examined: a conventional 2-mm rectangular ring antenna incorporating DGS and a golden ratio-scaled rectangular ring antenna with an optimized DGS layout. Numerical simulations and experimental validation confirm that the conventional design exhibits dual resonances at 1.85 and 2.10 GHz with a maximum realized gain of 3.38 dB. In contrast, the golden ratio-inspired configuration supports triple-band operation at 1.52, 1.84, and 2.41 GHz while achieving a substantially higher gain of 7.6 dB. The observed performance enhancement is primarily attributed to the redistribution of surface currents and the modification of effective electrical path lengths induced by the golden ratio geometry in combination with the DGS. A close correlation between simulated and measured results verifies the reliability of the proposed antenna for compact multiband wireless communication applications.
References
C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, Feb. 2016.
M. K. Khandelwal, B. K. Kanaujia, and S. Kumar, “Defected ground structure: Fundamentals, analysis, and applications in modern wireless trends,” Int. J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2017, pp. 1–22, 2017.
S. Chatterjee, U. S. Seshadri, R. Vani, and K. Pravallika, “Analyze DGS antenna structure,” Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, pp. 567–573, 2022.
A. N. Aulia Yusuf, P. D. Purnamasari, and F. Y. Zulkifli, “Defected ground structure (DGS) optimization of microstrip antenna using particle swarm optimization (PSO) for gain enhancement,” Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Inf. Technol., Inf. Syst. Electr. Eng. (ICITISEE), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2022, pp. 688–692.
A. Sarma, K. Sarmah, S. Goswami, K. K. Sarma, and S. Baruah, “DGS based planar UWB antenna with band rejection features,” Proc. Int. Conf. Wireless Commun., Signal Process. Netw. (WiSPNET), Chennai, India, 2017, pp. 2640–2644.
Federal Communications Commission, “First report and order,” Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems, 2002.
R. Li and P. Gao, “Design of a UWB filtering antenna with defected ground structure,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 65–70, 2016.
R. Patel, A. Desai, and T. Upadhyaya, “An electrically small antenna using defected ground structure for RFID, GPS and IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/s applications,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., vol. 75, pp. 75–81, 2018.
M. Elhabchi, M. N. Srifi, and R. Touahni, “A tri-band-notched UWB planar monopole antenna using DGS and semi arc-shaped slot for WiMAX/WLAN/X-band rejection,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. Lett., vol. 70, pp. 7–14, 2017.
H. C. C. Fernandes, J. L. da Silva, and A. S. E. S. Neto, “Multi-frequency microstrip antenna using defected ground structures with band-notched characteristics,” Proc. Brazilian Symp. Telecommun. Signal Process., 2017, pp. 1–13.
N. T. Sagar, M. L. Meena, and P. Shukla, “Design and performance analysis of UWB circular ring antenna with defected ground structure,” ICTACT J. Commun. Technol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1656–1663, 2017.
D. D. Ahire and G. K. Kharate, “Defective ground corner rounded ultra-wideband microstrip patch antenna for biomedical applications,” ICTACT J. Microelectron., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 462–466, 2018.
D. Bhattacharya and M. Joshi, “DGS based mutual coupling reduction in an ultrawideband microstrip patch antenna array,” Proc. Int. Conf. Innov. Inf., Embedded Commun. Syst. (ICIIECS), Coimbatore, India, 2017, pp. 1–4.
K. V. Prashanth, P. M. Hadalgi, and P. V. Hunagund, “Multi-slotted antenna with defected ground structure for quad band applications,” High Technol. Lett., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 409–417, 2020.
M. Rashid, M. E. Mahmood, and J. Khan, “Design of miniaturized multiband microstrip patch antenna using defected ground structure,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 9, no. 6, 2018.
J. Sathikbasha and V. Nagarajan, “DGS based multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna for wireless applications,” Proc. Int. Conf. Commun. Signal Process., 2019, pp. 4–6.
N. Jaglan, S. D. Gupta, B. K. Kanaujia, S. Srivastava, and E. Thakur, “Triple band notched DG-CEBG structure based UWB MIMO/diversity antenna,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, vol. 80, pp. 21–37, 2018.
H. Elftouh, R. Touhami, et al., “Miniaturized microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure,” Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 55, pp. 25–33, 2014.
D. O. Sakle et al., “Compact defected ground structure microstrip patch antenna for Wi-Fi applications,” Acta Technica Jaurinensis, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 183–187, 2024.
M. K. Pote et al., “Defected ground structure based microstrip patch antenna for WLAN and WiMAX applications,” Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl. Eng., vol. 12, no. 18s, pp. 7–13, 2024.
M. K. Khandelwal, B. K. Kanaujia, S. Dwari, S. Kumar, and A. K. Gautam, “Analysis and design of wideband microstrip-line-fed antenna with defected ground structure for Ku-band applications,” AEU – Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 951–957, Oct. 2014.
A. Ghosh, S. Chattopadhyay, L. L. K. Singh, and B. Basu, “Wide bandwidth microstrip antenna with defected patch surface for low cross-polarization applications,” Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-aided Eng., vol. 27, no. 8, p. e21127, May 2017.
P. Prashant et al., “Investigation on DGS based line-fed multiband patch antenna for wireless applications,” ICTACT J. Microelectron., vol. 6, no. 4, Jan. 2021.
M. K. Khandelwal et al., “Single-feed circularly polarized stacked patch antenna with small frequency ratio for dual-band wireless applications,” Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol., vol. 8, pp. 1207–1213, 2016.
M. Elhabchi, M. N. Srifi, and R. Touahni, “A modified hexagonal UWB antenna loaded with multiple L-shaped stubs for GPS band integration and Y-shaped slot for single band rejection,” Proc. Int. Conf. Wireless Technol., Embedded Intell. Syst. (WITS), Apr. 2019, pp. 1–5.
S. S. Sarade and S. Ruikar, “Development of multiband MIMO antenna with defective ground structure: Review,” Procedia Comput. Sci., vol. 171, pp. 1829–1838, 2020.
S. Anand, S. Ganesan, D. Sujitha, and S. Vigneshwari, “Low cross-polarized and matching-improved ground-extended defected structure wearable antenna for tactical battlefield communications,” Defence Science Journal, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 570–580, Sep. 2025.
S. Kulkarni, “Design of multiband microstrip antenna,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. Electron. Eng. (IJARCSEE), vol. 1, no. 10, Dec. 2012.
