A Review on Electrical Switches Utilized in Automation with Emphasis on Working Mechanism and Industrial Usage

Abstract

Power transformers are critical assets in electrical power distribution systems, and their unexpected failure can lead to severe power outages, economic losses, and safety hazards. Conventional transformer monitoring techniques rely mainly on periodic inspections and offline testing, which are inadequate for early fault detection and preventive maintenance. This study presents a comprehensive review and implementation framework of an IoT-based smart transformer health monitoring system aimed at enabling continuous, real-time condition assessment. The proposed system focuses on monitoring key transformer parameters such as temperature and oil level using appropriate sensors interfaced with a microcontroller-based control unit. Real-time data is locally displayed and analysed using predefined threshold logic to identify abnormal operating conditions. Automatic local control actions, including relay-based cooling fan activation and audible fault alerts, are incorporated to mitigate thermal stress and prevent insulation degradation. In addition, IoT-enabled wireless communication allows real-time data transmission to a cloud platform for remote monitoring, alert generation, and historical data analysis. The observed results demonstrate reliable parameter monitoring, timely fault detection, effective temperature control, and stable cloud connectivity. The system supports predictive and condition-based maintenance strategies while maintaining low implementation cost and scalability. Overall, this work highlights the effectiveness of integrating sensing, automated control, and IoT technologies to enhance transformer reliability, operational safety, and asset management in modern power distribution and smart grid environments.