International Journal of Pharmacognosy Investigations and Technologies

Comprehensive Characterization of Exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Pseudomonas aeroginosa SUI 2

Oloyede Gabriel Bamidele — 2026-06-17

Exopolysaccharides are microbial biomolecules mainly composed of polysaccharides produced by bacteria, fungi, and algae. This study aimed to characterize exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Pseudomonas spp. Isolated previously from soil collected at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, using cultural and molecular techniques. Four isolates were screened, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa SUI2 was selected for EPS production. The EPS was characterized for functional groups, elemental composition, and monomeric sugar components using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC/MS analyses. FTIR results showed O–H, N–H, C=C, C–N, and C–I functional groups corresponding to hydroxyl, amine, alkene, and halo compounds. HPLC/MS analysis revealed glucose, galactose, rhamnose, D-ribose, xylose, mannose, inositol, and arabinose, with glucose as the predominant monomer. EDX analysis showed the elemental composition, which included carbon, nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, zinc, and potassium. These findings highlight the structural complexity of EPS produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa SUI2 and its potential relevance for biotechnological applications and support future research into sustainable microbial polymer production and industrial use.

Green Chemistry: Principles and Applications in Different Fields with Emerging Constraints

Loveleen — 2026-06-10

Green chemistry, sometimes referred to as sustainable chemistry, takes a different approach to studying chemical reactions and creating novel materials. Green chemistry's primary objective is to reduce the use and production of hazardous materials to lower environmental impact and boost cost-effectiveness. The paradigms and ideas of green chemistry are covered in this study, with particular attention paid to the twelve principles of waste minimization, atom economy, and the use of renewable feedstock, among others, in order to develop workable and secure methods for conducting chemical reactions and producing chemical products. Green chemistry is romanticized in a variety of industries, including but not limited to the pharmaceutical, energy, textile, and agricultural sectors. These industries modify goods such as less hazardous pharmaceuticals, bio-composites, and environmentally friendly agricultural chemicals. Notably, despite the advantages of green chemistry, there are drawbacks as well. It has advantages that examine how it affects the economy and environment by reducing emissions and waste, as well as health problems by lowering chemical toxicity.

From Pseudodiagnosis to Precision: Establishing Diagnostic Standards for HPA Axis Dysfunction in Clinical Endocrinology

Mahmoud Younis — 2026-06-17

Background: The idea of "adrenal fatigue" or HPA axis dysfunction (HPA-D) is often met with skepticism because it lacks clear diagnostic rules and shares symptoms with many other conditions. However, new research suggests that this isn't just a vague label. Instead, it appears to be a real, measurable spectrum where the body’s stress hormones and nervous system fall out of sync.

Objective: This study set out to bridge the gap between controversy and clinical reality. By analyzing PubMed-indexed research, the author aimed to create a practical framework for HPA-D that connects cortisol rhythms, specific symptom patterns, and fluctuations in blood pressure.

Methods: They conducted a narrative meta-synthesis of existing literature, specifically looking for studies that mapped out how cortisol changes throughout the day, how the body responds to stress, and how the autonomic nervous system regulates blood pressure. The goal was to find consistent patterns that appear across different patients.

Results: The data reveal a clear trend: in stress-related conditions, it isn't necessarily the amount of cortisol that matters most, but the timing. Patients often show a "flattened" daily cortisol curve or a weak morning surge. These hormonal shifts align closely with specific blood pressure behaviors—ranging from low blood pressure to high reactivity. Interestingly, symptoms like chronic exhaustion, brain fog, and poor sleep are more closely tied to these broken rhythms than to absolute hormone levels.

Conclusion: They should stop viewing HPA axis dysfunction as a "yes/no" diagnosis and start seeing it as a spectrum of neuroendocrine and autonomic imbalance. By shifting our focus to how cortisol dynamics and blood pressure interact, they can move toward a more precise, personalized way of diagnosing and treating these complex stress disorders.

Modern Pharmaceutical Analysis Innovations by SWOT

P. Haarini — 2026-03-02

Process High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), Analytical Technology (PAT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are only a handful of the most recent technologies that the constantly-changing pharmaceutical analysis discipline is increasingly relying upon to drive innovation in drug discovery, quality control, and manufacturing. This study is conducted using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) framework to analyze the progress of pharmaceutical analysis. Some of the benefits include high-precision analytical approaches to enhance accuracy and efficiency, including automation, and real-time data analytics. Prospects exist in the emerging areas that are more sustainable and provide a greater level of control over a process, including AI-based analysis, continuous production, and green analytical chemistry. Among the threats are regulatory barriers, data integrity, and the regular risk of cyber-attacks in more and more digital laboratories. This SWOT-based strategy can help the stakeholders to strategize and adapt to the evolving pharmaceutical environment. The key benefits of modern pharmaceutical analysis are the use of state-of-the-art technology such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Liquid Chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and automated sample preparation systems. These tools have enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and throughput of the analytical processes that have led to more reliable and repeatable results. Furthermore, it includes PAT.