International Journal of Immunology and Nursing Dynamics

Nurses' Understanding and Attitude toward Standard Precautions at Mariere Memorial Central Hospital, Delta State, Nigeria

Joyful Albert Ivovo — 2026-04-16

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant threat to patient and staff safety, with a high incidence in Nigeria. Effective Infection Prevention and Control (IPC), particularly adherence to standard precautions, is crucial. This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses toward standard precautions at Mariere Memorial Central Hospital in Ughelli, Delta State, and the influence of professional experience. The population for the study was 90 nurses, with a random sample size of 80. Adopting a descriptive cross-sectional design and guided by the Health Belief Model, a structured questionnaire was administered to the 80 nurses, but 72 of them completed and returned the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings revealed that most nurses (54.3%) had a high level of knowledge of standard precautions, but attitudes were less positive, with 40% expressing a favorable view. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.449, p < 0.001), indicating that higher knowledge is associated with positive attitudes. Similarly, years of experience correlated positively with both knowledge (r = 0.572, p < 0.001) and attitude (r = 0.451, p < 0.001). In conclusion, while nurses have high knowledge, a gap exists between their knowledge and attitudes. The study recommends implementing continuous, interactive training programs to reinforce knowledge and foster positive attitudes, establishing mentorship programs with experienced nurses, and designing targeted interventions to improve negative attitudes. It was recommended that continuous training should be instituted in the hospital.

A Study to Assess the Attitude and Awareness about Blood Transfusions among the Rural People of Mysore

Manjula K. V — 2026-02-27

Objectives: To assess the attitude and awareness about blood transfusions among rural people and correlate with demographic variables,

Methodology: A descriptive research design was used for this study, and it was conducted in Siddha Ramanahundi village, Mysuru district, Karnataka. A Total of 60 samples were selected and target population is adults residing in village. A sample of rural residents who met the inclusion criteria was selected using a convenient sampling technique.

Result: Among the 60 participants the majority were male and aged about 18–35 years, unmarried, and educated above degree level. Most participants demonstrated a moderate level of awareness regarding blood transfusion, with relatively better knowledge about its purpose but inadequate understanding of safety, screening, and voluntary donation. The majority people were exhibited a positive attitude towards receiving blood transfusion when medically indicated, although some reported fears of infection, weakness after transfusion, and cultural misconceptions. A statistically significant association was observed between awareness level and selected socio-demographic variables, particularly education and occupation, and between attitude and education level. Half of the participants strongly agreed that blood transfusion is necessary during emergencies and expressed a positive attitude towards it, while 50% trusted blood provided by hospitals and blood banks, and 78.3% strongly agreed that awareness programs can improve acceptance of blood transfusion.

Conclusion: The study concludes that although rural people of Siddha Ramanahundi village possess basic awareness and a generally positive attitude toward blood transfusion.

The Prevalence of Leishmaniasis in the Babylon and Al-Diwaniyah Governorates: A Cross-Sectional Study

Hasan Naeem Kareem — 2026-03-16

Background: In Iraq, leishmaniasis is a prevalent illness. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by a genus of single-celled parasites known as Leishmania, which is transmitted to humans by certain species of the disease-carrying sandflies.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey study design was used to carry out this study to determine the prevalence of leishmaniosis for the period between 2018 and 2022. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of Leishmaniasis in the governorates of Al-Diwaniyah and Babylon and to compare case numbers between the two governorates. The current investigation included an analysis of the available database obtained from the Department of Statistics in the Directorates of Health in Babylon and Al-Diwaniyah for the period between 2018 and 2022.

Results: The current study showed that the total number of infected people in Babylon Governorate was 1735 for the period from 2018 to 2022, and the percentage of infected males was higher over the years studied, and the most affected age group was less than twenty years. As for AL-Diwaniyah governorate, the total number of people infected with Leishmaniasis was 1810. The percentage of females in general was slightly more than that of males. With regard to age, the matter is similar to that of the Babylon governorate.

Conclusion: The current study concluded that the prevalence rate of Leishmaniasis in Al-Diwaniyah governorate was greater compared to Babylon governorate. This may be because Diwaniyah is an agricultural governorate with many disease vectors.

Knowledge and Practices of Menstrual Hygiene for Infection Prevention Among Adolescent Girls in Ghana

Reena M R — 2026-03-18

challenges due to limited knowledge, cultural taboos, and inadequate access to sanitary materials. This study assessed knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene for infection prevention among adolescent girls in Ghana. Poor menstrual hygiene can significantly increase the risk of reproductive tract infections and other microbial complications, underscoring the vital role of nursing education and preventive health strategies in promoting adolescent well-being.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 adolescent girls aged 10–15 years who had experienced menarche. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 28. Descriptive statistics summarized demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices, and attitudes. Chi-square tests examined associations, and Pearson correlation analysis explored relationships between hygiene practices and reproductive tract infection (RTI) symptoms.

Results: The majority (60%) of participants were aged 13–15 years, and 70% resided in peri-urban communities. Awareness of menstruation prior to menarche was high (85%), with mothers (55%) and teachers (20%) as primary sources. While 72% demonstrated correct hygiene practices, 42% changed pads less than twice daily, often due to financial constraints. Disposal methods were suboptimal, with 50% using open pits or refuse dumps. Attitudes varied, with 35% associating menstruation with shame. Significant associations were found between age and knowledge (χ² = 9.76, p < 0.05) and socio-economic background and sanitary material use (χ² = 13.42, p < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis showed moderate positive relationships between poor hygiene practices and RTI symptoms: infrequent pad changing (r = 0.42, p < 0.01), use of cloth/tissue (r = 0.36, p < 0.05), and unsafe disposal methods (r = 0.31, p < 0.05).

Despite high awareness, gaps in menstrual hygiene practices and attitudes persist among adolescent girls. Poor hygiene behaviors significantly increase the risk of RTIs, threatening long-term reproductive health. Targeted education, improved access to sanitary products, and culturally sensitive interventions are essential to promote menstrual health and school participation. Nurses and health educators play a pivotal role in equipping girls with the knowledge and skills to manage menstruation safely and with dignity.

Knowledge Regarding Causes of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among General Public

VG Veeresh — 2026-04-09

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the common cause for mortality and morbidity, with global prevalence estimation of 24%, having poor awareness of the disease among the general population, most of them believing liver diseases are caused by alcohol consumption. The present study aim to assess the knowledge and bring awareness of NAFLD in general population, 539 peoples were selected by random sampling, who were attending out-patient department for consultation, the study was conducted at the selected higher level hospital on a fixed day in the week for six months, the study findings revealed the poor knowledge of general population regarding various causes of NAFLD, and recommended the need for educational program to improvise the knowledge of general public so that mortality and morbidity and complication caused due to NAFLD, this will improvise and change the behaviour and perception of general public towards liver diseases and the promotion of healthy behaviour and practice.